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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Spivak, David A. (검색결과 4 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
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Gayatri Spivak 이화여자대학교 인문학연구원 2004 제4회 김옥길 기념강좌 : 문화와 권력의 관점에서 본 상상력과 세계화 Vol. No.
재화, 자본/원격통신, 국제무역, 지정학 등의 순환을 글로벌과 단일민족국가, 지방과 "지역적"문화의 특수성이라는 새로운 형성과정에 비추어 정의해 보려고 할 때, 이러한 새로운 사회학적 지식들은 언어에 대한 문제들을 간과하고 있다. 영어라는 것이 세계만인의 모국어가 되기 전까지는 "글로벌 영어"라는 것이 존재하지 않았다. 이러한 문제를 윤리적 단일성과 정치적 폭력성과 관련 지어 이야기 해보려고 한다. 또한, 이러한 문제를 이해하기 위해서 뿐 아니라, 해결책을 강구해보기 위해 서 나아가 실행해 보기 위해서 상상력의 역할에 대해 고찰해 보겠다. By defining the circuits of finance capital / telecommunication, world trade, and geopolitics in corresponding new formations as "global," and the nation-state, the rural, and the specificity of cultures as "local," the new sociology of knowledge bypasses the problem of language. Until English becomes everyone's mother tongue, there is no such thing as global English. I will discuss this question with reference to ethical singularity and political violence. I will refer to the role of the imagination, not only in understanding the problem, but in thinking, perhaps even implementing, solutions.
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Subramanian, Balamurugan,Kim, Namwon,Lee, Wonbae,Spivak, David A.,Nikitopoulos, Dimitris E.,McCarley, Robin L.,Soper, Steven A. American Chemical Society 2011 Langmuir Vol.27 No.12
<P>Droplet microfluidics performed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic devices resulted in significant wall wetting by water droplets formed in a liquid–liquid segmented flow when using a hydrophobic carrier fluid such as perfluorotripropylamine (FC-3283). This wall wetting led to water droplets with nonuniform sizes that were often trapped on the wall surfaces, leading to unstable and poorly controlled liquid–liquid segmented flow. To circumvent this problem, we developed a two-step procedure to hydrophobically modify the surfaces of PMMA and other thermoplastic materials commonly used to make microfluidic devices. The surface-modification route involved the introduction of hydroxyl groups by oxygen plasma treatment of the polymer surface followed by a solution-phase reaction with heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl trichlorosilane dissolved in fluorocarbon solvent FC-3283. This procedure was found to be useful for the modification of PMMA and other thermoplastic surfaces, including polycyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and polycarbonate (PC). Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the fluorination of these polymers took place with high surface selectivity. This procedure was used to modify the surface of a PMMA droplet microfluidic device (DMFD) and was shown to be useful in reducing the wetting problem during the generation of aqueous droplets in a perfluorotripropylamine (FC-3283) carrier fluid and could generate stable segmented flows for hours of operation. In the case of PMMA DMFD, oxygen plasma treatment was carried out after the PMMA cover plate was thermally fusion bonded to the PMMA microfluidic chip. Because the appended chemistry to the channel wall created a hydrophobic surface, it will accommodate the use of other carrier fluids that are hydrophobic as well, such as hexadecane or mineral oils.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/langd5/2011/langd5.2011.27.issue-12/la200298n/production/images/medium/la-2011-00298n_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/la200298n'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Implications for Honey Bee Health
Chen, Yan Ping,Pettis, Jeffery S.,Corona, Miguel,Chen, Wei Ping,Li, Cong Jun,Spivak, Marla,Visscher, P. Kirk,DeGrandi-Hoffman, Gloria,Boncristiani, Humberto,Zhao, Yan,vanEngelsdorp, Dennis,Delaplane, Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS pathogens Vol.10 No.7
<▼1><P><I>Israeli acute paralysis virus</I> (IAPV) is a widespread RNA virus of honey bees that has been linked with colony losses. Here we describe the transmission, prevalence, and genetic traits of this virus, along with host transcriptional responses to infections. Further, we present RNAi-based strategies for limiting an important mechanism used by IAPV to subvert host defenses. Our study shows that IAPV is established as a persistent infection in honey bee populations, likely enabled by both horizontal and vertical transmission pathways. The phenotypic differences in pathology among different strains of IAPV found globally may be due to high levels of standing genetic variation. Microarray profiles of host responses to IAPV infection revealed that mitochondrial function is the most significantly affected biological process, suggesting that viral infection causes significant disturbance in energy-related host processes. The expression of genes involved in immune pathways in adult bees indicates that IAPV infection triggers active immune responses. The evidence that silencing an IAPV-encoded putative suppressor of RNAi reduces IAPV replication suggests a functional assignment for a particular genomic region of IAPV and closely related viruses from the Family <I>Dicistroviridae</I>, and indicates a novel therapeutic strategy for limiting multiple honey bee viruses simultaneously and reducing colony losses due to viral diseases. We believe that the knowledge and insights gained from this study will provide a new platform for continuing studies of the IAPV–host interactions and have positive implications for disease management that will lead to mitigation of escalating honey bee colony losses worldwide.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>The mysterious outbreak of honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in the US in 2006–2007 has attracted massive media attention and created great concerns over the effects of various risk factors on bee health. Understanding the factors that are linked to the honey bee colony declines may provide insights for managing similar incidents in the future. We conducted this study to elucidate traits of a key honey bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus. We then developed an innovative strategy to control virus levels. The knowledge and insights gained from this study will have positive implications for bee disease management, helping to mitigate worldwide colony losses.</P></▼2>
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