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Hannan Younis,Sumbilah Shafique,Zahida Ehsan,Aleena Ishfaq,Khurram Mehboob,Muhammad Ajaz,Abdullah Hidayat,Wazir Muhammad Korean Nuclear Society 2023 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.55 No.7
The radioactivity concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) i.e., <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>4</sup>K in various chemical fertilizers being used in the agricultural soil of Pakistan were determined utilizing gamma spectrometry by employing a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The radioactivity concentrations of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>4</sup>K extended from 2.58 ± 0.8-265.7 ± 8.8 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup>, 1.53 ± 0.14-76.6 ± 1.07 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup> and 36.5 ± 1.34-15606.7 ± 30.2 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup> respectively. The radiological hazard parameters such as internal and external indices and annual effective dose rates were calculated, while excessive lifetime cancer risk factors for the indoor and outdoor areas were found in the range from 0.3×10<sup>-3</sup> to 10.723×10<sup>-3</sup> and 0.03×10<sup>-3</sup> to 2.7948×10<sup>-3</sup> of most fertilizers, however, some values were slightly higher than the UNSCEAR (The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) recommended values for potash-containing fertilizers such as MOP (Muriate of Potash).
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Azeem Umair,Younis Hannan,ullah Niamat,Mehboob Khurram,Ajaz Muhammad,Ali Mushtaq,Hidayat Abdullah,Muhammad Wazir 한국원자력학회 2024 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.56 No.1
This study focuses on measuring the levels of naturally occurring radioactivity in the soil of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, as well as the associated health hazard. Thirty (30) soil samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioactivity levels using a High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometer with a photo-peak efficiency of approximately 52.3%. The average values obtained for these radionuclides are 35.6 ± 5.7 Bqkg 1, 47 ± 12.5 Bqkg 1, and 877 ± 153 Bqkg 1, respectively. The level of 232Th is slightly higher and 40K is 2.2 times higher than the internationally recommended limit of 30 Bqkg 1 and 400 Bqkg 1, respectively. Various parameters were calculated based on the results obtained, including Radium Equivalent (Raeq), External Hazard (Hex), Absorbed Dose Rate (D), Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGDE), Annual Effective Dose Rate, and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), which are 170.3 ± 24 Bqkg 1, 0.46 ± 0.06 Bqkg 1, 81.4 ± 2.04 nGy h 1, 582 ± 78.08 μSvy 1, 99.8 ± 13.5 μSv Gy 1, and 0.349 ± 0.04, respectively. These values are below the limits recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) in 2002. This study highlights the potential radiation threats associated with natural radioactivity levels in the soil of Swabi and provides valuable information for public health and safety
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