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Wireless Interface Bonding Supporting In-Order Delivery and Automatic Load Balancing
So, Jungmin,Park, Jongsun,Eliab, Ayinebyona IEEE 2017 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT Vol.66 No.6
<P>Wireless interface bonding is an important technique in multiradio systems, where multiple radios can be combined to establish a fast link between nodes. However, existing interface bonding modules are not well-suited for wireless interfaces due to lack of functionalities to cope with varying channel capacity. Variance in throughput and delay of the individual radios can cause significant degradation of transmission control protocol throughput due to suboptimal scheduling and out-of-order delivery. Since condition of wireless channels is dynamic, capacity of each channel cannot be predicted offline which makes the packet scheduling challenging. Naive queue management for in-order delivery could also be hazardous to the throughput due to long dwell time of packets at the receiver queue. This paper presents an extension to Linux bonding driver called the new load balancing (NLB) mode, which is designed to combine multiple WLAN interfaces into a single virtual interface. The NLB mode supports automatic load balancing and in-order delivery, and together, they make a multichannel link that behaves like a single link with aggregated bandwidth. Automatic load balancing is done using receiver measurements on interarrival time of consecutive packets. In-order delivery is implemented using a receive queue and a fast loss detection schemewhich prevents long dwell time of packets at the queue. The NLB mode does not require modifications to physical network device drivers which makes it usable with devices from any vendor. Performance evaluations using OpenWrt-based wireless devices show that the NLB mode can efficiently aggregate bandwidths of channels under various conditions.</P>
Unpacking the ‘shared viewing’ phenomenon in Rwanda
김신동,도미니끄 니두후라,Eliab Ayinebyona 지역사회학회 2015 지역사회학 Vol.16 No.2
Public viewing remains an important phenomenon in Rwanda where audiences indulge in this kind of media sharing due to low level of Television penetration. Shared viewing is invented people from different social categories who assemble in one place to consume together media contents in order to meet specific needs. The phenomenon takes place in various places such as bars, video halls, and individual homes. This article aimed to dig into this practice and uncover its contours by offering a critical perspective. Drawing from an ethnographic approach, researchers conducted interviews with actors involved in this type of media sharing, such as video hall operators, video hall customers, friends hosting their friends for watching movies or sports together, people visiting bars and restaurants for watching movies or sports. This paper is informed by two main theoretical approaches in media and communication studies: ‘uses and gratifications’ (U&G) and ‘political economy.’ Both theories were combined to produce a better description and explanation of what happens in media appropriation in Rwanda. The key findings of this study suggest a controversial viewing trend. At the onset, citizens from all walks of life flock altogether in viewing places, the majority being young generations who watch different contents, with a candid preference to ‘Agasobanuye’, which are movies dubbed in Kinyarwanda. The most important gratification sought by consumers is getting enjoyment together with others. However, the reality is more complex and class-based. At the lowest level of the social ladder, poor and uneducated audiences are the most likely to attend video halls which they can afford, whereas well-to-do people prefer bars and other prestigious places. Video halls are blamed by many – mostly the elderly – for displaying negative contents such as violent and pornographic movies and allowing consumption of illegal drugs.
Unpacking the ‘Shared Viewing Phenomenon in Rwanda
Shin Dong Kim,Dominique Nduhura,Eliab Ayinebyona 지역사회학회 2015 지역사회학 Vol.16 No.2
Public viewing remains an important phenomenon in Rwanda where audiences indulge in this kind of media sharing due to low level of Television penetration. Shared viewing is invented people from different social categories who assemble in one place to consume together media contents in order to meet specific needs. The phenomenon takes place in various places such as bars, video halls, and individual homes. This article aimed to dig into this practice and uncover its contours by offering a critical perspective. Drawing from an ethnographic approach, researchers conducted interviews with actors involved in this type of media sharing, such as video hall operators, video hall customers, friends hosting their friends for watching movies or sports together, people visiting bars and restaurants for watching movies or sports. This paper is informed by two main theoretical approaches in media and communication studies: ‘uses and gratifications’ (U&G) and ‘political economy.’ Both theories were combined to produce a better description and explanation of what happens in media appropriation in Rwanda. The key findings of this study suggest a controversial viewing trend. At the onset, citizens from all walks of life flock altogether in viewing places, the majority being young generations who watch different contents, with a candid preference to ‘Agasobanuye’, which are movies dubbed in Kinyarwanda. The most important gratification sought by consumers is getting enjoyment together with others. However, the reality is more complex and class-based. At the lowest level of the social ladder, poor and uneducated audiences are the most likely to attend video halls which they can afford, whereas well-to-do people prefer bars and other prestigious places. Video halls are blamed by many – mostly the elderly – for displaying negative contents such as violent and pornographic movies and allowing consumption of illegal drugs.