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Special Review : Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Gastrointestinal Permeability
( Bruno K Rodino Janeiro ),( Carmen Alonso Cotoner ),( Marc Pigrau ),( Beatriz Lobo ),( Maria Vicario ),( Javier Santos ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2015 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.21 No.1
The interface between the intestinal lumen and the mucosa is the location where the majority of ingested immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the vast gastrointestinal immune system. Upon regular physiological conditions, the intestinal microflora and the epithelial barrier are well prepared to process daily a huge amount of food-derived antigens and non-immunogenic particles. Similarly, they are ready to prevent environmental toxins and microbial antigens to penetrate further and interact with the mucosal-associated immune system. These functions promote the development of proper immune responses and oral tolerance and prevent disease and inflammation. Brain-gut axis structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal stimuli. The brain-gut axis integrates local and distant regulatory networks and supersystems that serve key housekeeping physiological functions including the balanced functioning of the intestinal barrier. Disturbance of the brain-gut axis may induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions, which may indeed trigger transient mucosal inflammation and gut disease. There is a large body of evidence indicating that stress, through the brain-gut axis, may cause intestinal barrier dysfunction, mainly via the systemic and peripheral release of corticotropin-releasing factor. In this review, we describe the role of stress and corticotropin-releasing factor in the regulation of gastrointestinal permeability, and discuss the link to both health and pathological conditions.
Circulatory Antigen Processing by Mucosal Dendritic Cells Controls CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cell Activation
Chang, S.Y.,Song, J.H.,Guleng, B.,Cotoner, C.,Arihiro, S.,Zhao, Y.,Chiang, H.S.,O'Keeffe, M.,Liao, G.,Karp, Christopher L.,Kweon, M.N.,Sharpe, Arlene H.,Bhan, A.,Terhorst, C.,Reinecker, H.C. Cell Press 2013 Immunity Vol.38 No.1
Circulatory antigens transit through the small intestine via the fenestrated capillaries in the lamina propria prior to entering into the draining lymphatics. But whether or how this process controls mucosal immune responses remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) of the lamina propria can sample and process both circulatory and luminal antigens. Surprisingly, antigen cross-presentation by resident CX3CR1<SUP>+</SUP> DCs induced differentiation of precursor cells into CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells that expressed interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-13, and IL-9 and could migrate into adjacent compartments. We conclude that lamina propria CX3CR1<SUP>+</SUP> DCs facilitate the surveillance of circulatory antigens and act as a conduit for the processing of self- and intestinally absorbed antigens, leading to the induction of CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells, that partake in the control of T cell activation during mucosal immune responses.