Transcriptional silencing of the inhibin-α gene in human gastric carcinoma cells.

Kim, Young Il,Shim, Jaejun,Kim, Byung-Ho,Lee, Sung Jae,Lee, Ha Kyu,Cho, Chunghee,Cho, Byung-Nam Lychnia 2012 International journal of oncology Vol.41 No.2

<P>Although inhibin was first identified as a hormone regulating pituitary FSH secretion, it was later recognized to act as a tumor suppressor in the gonad and adrenal glands. Recently, the alpha subunit of this dimeric hormone (inhibin?α) was reported to be involved in prostate tumorigenesis. To identify additional roles outside the reproductive axis, we investigated inhibin?α gene activity and subsequent cell fate in human gastric cancer cells. The results were as follows: all the gastric cancer cells had at least one of a set of abnormalities including hypermethylation of the promoter, mutation of the 5'?UTR or allelic imbalance including LOH in the inhibin?α gene. Hypermethylation of the promoter and mutation of the 5'?UTR in inhibin?α were observed in SNU?1, SNU?5 and SNU?484 cells. LOH was observed in AGS, KATO III, SNU?5, SNU?484 and SNU?668 cells. Treatment with 5?AzaC, a demethylating agent, induced demethylation of the inhibin?α promoter in the SNU?1, SNU?5 and SNU?484 cell lines, with the CpG5 site being strongly influenced by 5?AzaC. In addition, inhibin?α mRNA and protein were maintained at low levels in most of the gastric cancer cell lines. These low levels of mRNA and protein expression could be increased in most lines by treatment with 5?AzaC. These increased inhibin?α expression levels seemed to be closely associated with apoptosis and suppression of cell growth. Taken together, our results reveal that the inhibin?α gene is transcriptionally silenced in human gastric cancer cells, and that reactivation of the gene suppresses their growth characteristics. This suggests that inhibin?α may have a more general tumor suppressor activity outside the reproductive axis.</P>

Change in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract by Overexpressed Activin Beta A

Kim, Mi-Nyeu,Kim, Young Il,Cho, Chunghee,Mayo, Kelly E.,Cho, Byung-Nam Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015 Molecules and cells Vol.38 No.12

Originally, activins were identified as stimulators of FSH release in reproduction. Other activities, including secondary axis formation in development, have since been revealed. Here, we investigated the influence of activin ${\beta}_A$ on the body, including the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Initially, the activin ${\beta}_A$ protein was detected in the serum proportional to the amount of pCMV-rAct plasmid injected. The induced level of activin ${\beta}_A$ in muscle was higher in female than male mice. Subsequent results revealed that stomach and intestine were severely damaged in pCMV-rAct-injected mice. At the cellular level, loss of parietal cells was observed, resulting in increased pH within the stomach. This phenomenon was more severe in male than female mice. Consistent with damage of the stomach and intestine, activin ${\beta}_A$ often led to necrosis in the tip of the tail or foot, and loss of body weight was observed in pCMV-rAct-injected male but not female mice. Finally, in pCMV-rAct-injected mice, circulating activin ${\beta}_A$ led to death at supraphysiological doses, and this was dependent on the strain of mice used. Taken together, these results indicate that activin ${\beta}_A$ has an important role outside of reproduction and development, specifically in digestion. These data also indicate that activin ${\beta}_A$ must be controlled within a narrow range because of latent lethal activity. In addition, our approach can be used effectively for functional analysis of secreted proteins.

Expression and Relationship of Male Reproductive ADAMs in Mouse1

Kim, Taewan,Oh, Jungsu,Woo, Jong-Min,Choi, Eunyoung,Im, Sin Hyeog,Yoo, Yung Joon,Kim, Do Han,Nishimura, Hitoshi,Cho, Chunghee Society for the Study of Reproduction 2006 BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION Vol.74 No.4

A number of a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family members are expressed in mammalian male reproductive organs such as testis and epididymis. These reproductive ADAMs are divided phylogenically into three major groups: ADAMs 1, 4, 6, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, and 34 (the first group); ADAMs 2, 3, 5, 27, and 32 (the second group); and ADAMs 7 and 28 (the third group). Previous mouse knockout studies indicate that ADAM1, ADAM2, and ADAM3 have intricate expressional relationships, playing critical roles in fertilization. In the present study, we analyzed processing, biochemical characteristics, localization, and expressional relationship of the previously-unexplored, second-group ADAMs (ADAM5, ADAM27, and ADAM32). We found that all of the three ADAMs are made as precursors in the testis and processed during epididymal maturation, and that ADAM5 and ADAM32, but not ADAM27, are located on the sperm surface. Using sperm from Adam2??/?? and Adam3??/?? mice, we found that, among the three ADAMs, the level of ADAM5 is modestly and severely reduced in Adam3 and Adam2 knockout sperm, respectively. Further, we analyzed ADAM7, an epididymis-derived sperm surface ADAM from the separate phylogenetic group, in the knockout sperm. We found that the level of ADAM7 is also significantly reduced in both Adam2 and Adam3-null sperm. Taken together, our results suggest a novel expressional relationship of ADAM5 and ADAM7 with ADAM2 and ADAM3, which play critical roles in fertilization.

Latitudinarian and“Heteroclite”Preacher: Human Nature in Sterne`s Sermons

( Chunghee Kim ) 한국18세기영문학회 2015 18세기영문학 Vol.12 No.1

This paper is an attempt to place Sterne``s sermons within the general context of Sterne``s ethical fluidity as the controlling force of Sterne``s narrative fictions. Although Sterne``s sermons are more or lesscompilations of other divines`` offerings, I argue that they are very specific to him, bearing the marks of his temperament, humor, and social standing. The paper examines Sterne``s sermons in parallel with the sermons which have been identified as Sterne``s sources and confirms that Sterne not only exercises a certain selectiveness but sustains his own particularity. I define Sterne``s particular moral propositions as an ethics of pleasure, which is underlined by a conviction that pleasures can enhance the ethical disposition of man. Sterne is more attuned to the carnal and materialistic aspects of the human condition than most of his sources, accommodating bodily pleasures within the boundary of “innocent pleasures.” I further argue that Sterne, unlike most rationalistic divines, never envisions an ideal world of “universal happiness,” but simply seeks a “world worth living in.” Instead of polarizing reason and animal passions, he contrasts “the bowels of mercy” or “benevolent inclinations” with “unfriendly passions,” trying to promote the former, as he sees innate goodness as quite distinct from rationality. Sterne observes that the tendency to live more to oneself, which grows inproportion with the growth of wisdom, can again be reversed as man enters into the different role of a parent. The “workings of parental kindness,” for Sterne, attests that man is “but an instrument in the hands of God to provide for the well being of others, to serve their interest as well as his own.” This concept of man as “an instrument in the hands of God” is the fundamental basis for Sterne``s ethics of pleasure which expands the domain of innocent pleasures.

SPATC 1L maintains the integrity of the sperm head‐tail junction

Kim, Jihye,Kwon, Jun Tae,Jeong, Juri,Kim, Jaehwan,Hong, Seong Hyeon,Kim, Jinyoung,Park, Zee Yong,Chung, Kyung Hwun,Eddy, Edward M,Cho, Chunghee EMBO 2018 EMBO reports Vol.19 No.9

Two Versinos of Chistian Morality in Clarissa and Tristram Shandy

Kim, Chunghee 서울대학교 영문화권연구소 1997 영문화권연구 Vol.1997 No.5

성능을 고려한 FPGA의 기술 매핑

김충희(Chunghee Kim),신현철(Hyunchul Shin) 한국정보과학회 1994 정보과학회논문지 Vol.21 No.5

LUT (LookUp Table)에 기초한 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)를 위한 효율적인 기술 매핑 (technology mapping) 기법을 개발하였다. 본 알고리즘은 주어진 논리회로가 최소 지연시간 (depth)을 가지도록 각 노드의 레블 (level)을 구한 후, 최소 지연시간이 증가하지 않는 범위에서 주어진 비용함수가 최소가 되도록 노드의 레블을 변화시키는 방법이다. 비용을 계산하는 과정에서 reconvergent 패스와 논리의 복제 (duplication of logic)를 이용한 논리의 최적화가 자동적으로 수행된다. 실험 결과 본 방법은 l7개의 벤취마크 예제에 대하여 최적의 지연시간을 구하는 FlowMap [1]과 같은 지연시간을 얻었고 LUT 수에 있어서는 l5% 적은 우수한 결과를 보여 주었다. For technology mapping of lookup table based field programmable gate arrays, an effective optimization technique is developed. In our algorithm, minimal depth of a Boolean network is found and then the given cost function is minimized by changing levels of nodes without increasing the depth. Optimization for reconvergent paths and duplication of logic is automatically considered during the cost evaluation. Experimental results show that our approach produces the same depth for the 17 benchmark circuits tried as those of FlowMap [1] which guarantees the optimum depth. Furthermore, the new method used 15% less number of LUTs than those of FlowMap on the average.

『小有亭題詠錄』을 통해서 본 금호강 江岸文學

김충희(Kim, chunghee) 대동한문학회 2021 大東漢文學 Vol.66 No.-

小有亭은 松潭 蔡應麟(1529~1584)이 대구시 북구 검단동 금호강 강변에 지었던 정자이다. 이 정자는 금호강을 내려다 보고 멀리 팔공산을 바라볼 수 있는 위치에 있었다. 이 정자는 전망이 아름다웠고, 많은 선비들이 통행하던 금호강 언덕에 있었기 때문에 그 당시에 영남 지역에서 이름난 정자가 되었다. 채응린은 대구 최초의 서원인 硏經書院의 講學에 참여한 학자이다. 채응린의 친구인 溪東 全慶昌(1532~1585)은 일찍이 退溪의 문하에 나아가 性理學에 대한 가르침을 받은 바 있는데, 채응린은 전경창에게서 퇴계의 학문을 전수 받은 바 있다. 『小有亭題詠錄』은 소유정을 방문한 사람들이 남긴 시를 기록한 책이다. 이 책에 시를 남긴 사람들을 검토해보면, 17세기 무렵에 대구 지역에서 활동한 학자와 관료들은 대부분 小有亭을 방문했다는 점을 알 수 있다. 徐思遠, 郭再謙, 孫處訥, 徐思選, 孫處約, 孫遴, 都聖兪, 李潤雨, 李文雨, 蔡楙 등은 대구나 대구 인근 지역에서 활약한 학자들이다. 그들은 退溪의 성리학을 대구 지역에 전파한 全慶昌, 蔡應麟, 鄭師哲 등의 학통을 이어받았으며, 그 무렵에 성주와 대구 지역에서 講學한 이름난 학자인 寒岡 鄭逑의 제자들이기도 하다. 본고에서 『小有亭題詠錄』을 살펴보고자 하는 이유는 두 가지이다. 첫째, 소유정이 16세기~17세기에 대구 지역에 거주하던 文人이나 學者들이 찾아와 경전을 강론하고 시를 吟誦하던 장소로 널리 알려졌기 때문이다. 그래서 『小有亭題詠錄』을 살펴보면 그 무렵에 대구 지역에서 활동한 학자가 누구인지가 드러난다. 둘째, 소유정은 16~17세기에 금호강 연안 정자 문화의 선두 주자였기 때문이다. 이 당시에 금호강은 배를 이용하여 쉽게 이동하는 교통로 역할을 하였다. 그래서 금호강 주변에 선비들이 모이는 서원이나 정자가 지어지게 되었다. 16세기 말에 소유정이 지어질 무렵부터 금호강 연안에는 많은 정자들이 지어지게 된다. 이 당시에 금호강 연안에 지어진 정자는 선비들의 강학 공간이며 휴식 공간이었다. 『小有亭題詠錄』에는 금호강 연안에서 이루어지는 선비들의 모임이나 선비들의 활동이 드러나기도 하고, 강변에서 느끼는 선비들의 정서가 드러나기도 한다. 그 결과 『小有亭題詠錄』을 통해 금호강 유역에서 일어나는 江岸文學의 일단을 살필 수 있다. Soyoujeong Pavilion was built by Chae Eung-rin(1529~1584), along the Geumho River in Geomdan-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu. The pavilion was located at a location where you can look down at the Geumho River and look at Palgongsan Mountain in the distance. This pavilion had a beautiful view. At that time, it became a famous pavilion in Yeongnam region because it was located on the hill of the Geumho River, where many scholars used to go. Chae Eung-rin was a scholar who participated in the academic conference of Yeongyeongseowon Confucian Academy, the first Confucian academy in Daegu. In the early days of Chae Eung-rin s friend Jeon Gyeong-chang(1532~1585), he was taught Neo-Confucianism by Toegye, and Chae Eung-rin was taught the study of Toegye by Jeon Gyeong-chang. “Soyojeong-jeyeongrok” is a book that records poems left by visitors to Soyoujeong. If you look at the people who wrote poems in the book, most scholars and officials from Daegu visited So Yujeong in the 17th century. Seo Sa-won, Kwak Jae-gyeom, Son Chun-ul, Seo Sa-seon, Son Cheoyak, Son Lin, Do seongyu, Lee Yun-woo, Lee Mun-woo, and scholars who have been active in Daegu or nearby Daegu. They inherited the academic backgrounds of Jeon Gyeong-chang, Chae Eung-rin, and Jeong Jeong-cheol, who spread Toegye s studies to the Daegu area. He is also a disciple of Jeong-gu, a famous scholar. There are two reasons why we would like to look at the “Soyojeong-jeyeongrok” in this paper. First, Soyoujeong Pavilion was widely known as a place for scholars living in Daegu from the 16th to 17th centuries. Therefore, if you look at the “Soyojeong-jeyeongrok”, you can see who was a scholar who was active in the Daegu area at that time. Second, Soyoujeong was a leader in the Pavilion culture of the Geumho River in the 16th and 17th centuries. At that time, the Geumho River served as a transportation route that was easily moved by boat. Therefore, many pavilion was built around the Geumho River where scholars gathered. “Soyojeong-jeyeongrok” reveals the activities of scholars and scholars along the coast of the Geumho River, and the emotions of scholars along the riverside.

음식물 침출수를 처리하는 막결합 고온혐기성 소화시스템에서 교차여과와 막간압력이 파울링에 미치는 영향

Youngo Kim,Dukwoo Jun,Seongkyu Yoon,Chunghee Chang,Jaeho Bae,Kwansun Yoo,Jeonghwan Kim 한국막학회 2011 멤브레인 Vol.21 No.4

음식물 폐기물 침출수를 처리하는 분리막 결합 고온 혐기성소화공정(생물학적 반응조) (Anaeorobic Membrane Bioreactor, AnMBR)의 파일럿 운전에서 분리막의 교차여과 속도와 막간압력이 파울링에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 연구 결과 정압여과 하에서 교차여과 속도가 증가할수록 파울링의 속도는 현격히 감소되었다. 그러나 이와 같은 영향은 낮은 막간압력에서 더욱 효과적이었다. 막간압력이 증가할수록 여과대상 물질의 압축성으로 인해 투과성이 상대적으로 낮은 파울링층(혹은 케익층)이 분리막 표면에 형성된 것에 기인된 듯하다. 여과대상 시료의 입도분석을 해 본 결과 입자크기는 약 10~100mum 범위에서 분포하였고 이에 따라 브라운확산에 의한 역수송보다 분리막 표면에서 교차여과에 의해 발생하는 전단력이 입자의 역수송에 더욱 기여하고 있음을 예측할 수 있었으며 이는 AnMBR의 연속운전을 통해 재확인할 수 있었다. 운전 후 막 부검을 실시한 결과 유기 및 무기 파울링이 모두 관찰되었으나 어느 것이 지배적인 파울링 기작을 나타내는지는 앞으로 더욱 연구가 필요하다. 무기 파울링의 경우 대부분 분리막 표면에서 스케일링 형성이 지배적이었으며, 따라서 분리막의 공극 막힘에 주로 기여하는 작은 콜로이드성 유기물질의 경우 분리막 표면에서 전단력에 의한 역수송 효과는 그다지 크지 않을 것으로 사료된다. The effect of cross-flow velocity and transmembrane pressure (TMP) on membrane fouling was observed from pilot-scale operation of thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating food waste leachate. It was found that fouling rate was reduced significantly as cross-flow velocity increased at constant TMP mode of operation while this effectiveness was more pronounced at lower TMP. Higher TMP resulted in less permeable fouling layer possibly due to compressibility of foulant material on membrane surface. Particle sizes of membrane concentrate ranged from 10 to 100mum, implying that shear-induced diffusion enhance back transport of these particle sizes away from the membrane effectively. From the continuous operation of AnMBR, it was confirmed that shear rate played an important role in the reduction of membrane fouling. Membrane autopsy works at the end of operation of AnMBR showed clearly that both organic and inorganic fouling were significant on membrane surface. Surface shear by cross-flow velocity was expected to be less effective to remove irreversible fouling which can be mainly caused by the adsorption of organic colloidal materials into membrane pores.

변환을 이용한 상위 단계에서의 VLSI 설계 최적화 기술

김충희(Chunghee Kim),신현철(Hyunchul Shin) 한국정보과학회 1997 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.24 No.12

집적회로 설계에서 상위 단계에서의 설계 최적화는 하위 단계에서의 설계 최적화에 비하여 더욱 효율적이고 효과적이기 때문에 상위 단계의 설계 최적화 기술 개발이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 상위 단계에서 설계된 하드웨어의 면적과 성능을 최적화하기 위한 설계 변환 방법에 대하여 기술한다. 설계 최적화를 위한 변환 시스템을 오퍼레이션들의 변환 방법, 모듈들의 변환 방법, 스케쥴의 변환 방법을 사용하여 구현하였다. 또한, 주어진 입력을 하드웨어로 구현할 때 필요한 면적과 수행시간을 변환 과정에서 용이하게 추정하기 위한 효율적인 계층적 스케쥴 방법을 개발하였다. 벤취마크 예제를 이용한 실험 결과는 본 변환을 이용한 설계 최적화 기술이 효과적임을 보여준다. Behavioral-level or high-level design optimization techniques are essential in VLSI design area, since they are more efficient and effective than lower-level optimization techniques. In this paper, a transformation-based framework for the optimization of area and performance of a behavioral-level hardware description is described. The used transformation techniques are classified into three categories which are operation transformation, module transformation, and schedule transformation. A new hierarchical scheduling algorithm has been developed to estimate the hardware area and the number of control steps needed to implement a given behavioral-level description. Experimental results indicate that this transformation-based optimization techniques are effective.