내부식성이 우수한 졸-젤 전구체의 합성 및 이를 함유하는 유무기 하이브리드 코팅재

한미정(Mi Jeong Han),맹지영(Ji Young Mang),서지연(Ji Yeon Seo) 한국고분자학회 2010 폴리머 Vol.34 No.5

내부식성이 우수한 기능기를 함유하는 새로운 졸-젤 전구체를 합성하고 이를 함유하는 유무기 하이브리드 코팅 조성물을 제조하였다. 코팅 조성물에는 통상의 졸-젤 전구체로 tetraethoxysilane을 사용하였고 비스페놀 A 타입의 에폭시를 실란화합물로 개질하였으며, 졸-젤 반응을 위하여 물과 HCI을 촉매로 사용하였다. 각 조성물은 졸-젤 전구체의 종류, 함량 등을 변화하여 다양한 코팅 조성물을 제조하였고 iron 기판위에 딥코팅하여 열경화하였다. 코팅된iron 기판의 내부식성을 평가하기 위하여 염수분무시험과 전기화학적 임피던스 분광법을 사용하였는데, 내부식성 기능기를 함유한 유무기 하이브리드 코팅재가 일반적인 하이브리드 코팅재에 비해 매우 향상된 내부식성을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 내부식성 기능기를 함유한 코팅재의 경우, 0.1 M NaC1에서 500시간 이상 초기의 임피던스를 유지하는 반면, 일반적인 코팅재는 24시간 이후에 임피던스가 감소하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. New sol-gel precursors having the ability to protect iron against corrosion were synthesized and used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid coatings based on epoxy. Bisphenol A epoxy was modified with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane to improve the compatibility, and water and HCI were used as catalysts for sol-gel process. Various coating formulations were prepared depending on the type of sol-gel precursors and the amount of each ingredient, and cast on iron substrates by dip-coating and thermally cured. Corrosion protection properties of coated iron were studied by a salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under 0.1 M NaC1 electrolyte. Hybrid coatings containing anti-corrosive functional group exhibited excellent corrosion protection on iron, compared to that of typical hybrid coatings. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the hybrid coatings containing anti-corrosive functional group could maintaine the initial impedance after 500 h, while the impedance of hybrid coatings without them started to decrease after 24 h.

중년여성의 자아정체감, 갱년기 증상이 우울에 미치는 영향

한미정 ( Mi Jeong Han ),이지현 ( Ji Hyun Lee ) 여성건강간호학회 2013 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing self-identity and menopausal symptoms their influence on level of depression in middle-aged woman. Methods: Participants were 135 middle-aged women who were living in city B, were 45-60 years old, informed of study purpose, and agreed to participate. Data were collected from December, 2012 to January, 2013 using scales measuring depression, self-identity, and menopausal symptoms. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation Coefficients, and Multiple Stepwise Regression. Results: Level of depression was low, self-identity was slightly high, and menopausal symptoms were relatively low in these middle-aged women. There were significant differences in depression by perceived health status and perceived economic status. Depression had a moderate negative correlation with self-identity (r=-.49, p<.001) and a moderate positive correlation with menopausal symptoms (r=.57, p<.001). Menopausal psychological symptoms were the factor most affecting depression and explained 37% of the variance in depression. A total of 51% of variance in depression was explained by menopausal symptoms (psychological and physical),self-identity, and perceived economic status. Conclusion: Thus, an effort to improve self-identity, especially a plan to attenuate menopausal psychological symptoms is needed to reduce depression.

장기적 토지피복 분석을 통한 경안천 유역의 토지이용 특성

한미덕 ( Mi Deok Han ),김지찬 ( Ji Chan Kim ),정욱진 ( Wook Jin Chung ) 한국물환경학회 2011 한국물환경학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The use of land cover was sharply changed during 1975~2007 in the Kyungan watershed (561.12 km2). The changes occurred over an area of more than 227.65 km2 during the overall period at changing rates of 1.04% per year for water area, 1.79% per year for residential area, 2.99% per year for bare area, 3.03% per year for wetland area, 3.04% per year for grass area, 0.87% per year for forest and 2.32% per year for agriculture area. Water, residential, bare and wetland areas increased, while grass, forest and agriculture areas decreased during the last 32 years. BOD concentrations of representative sites for each sub-watershed continuously increased until the early 2000s as residential area increased with the highest discharged load, but decreased after the mid 2000s except upper Kyungan watershed. Such decline appears to be associated with the planning of Total Maximum Daily Load management for Gwangju city and expansion of waste water treatment plant. It is necessary to control land use/cover changes of the upper watershed and to prepare appropriate watershed management system for improvement in river environment including water quality, stream flow and bio-diversity.

하천 수질 및 부하량에 미치는 유역 내 오염원의 영향

한미덕(Mi Deok Han),손지영(Jee Young Son),류지철(Ji Chul Ryu),안기홍(Ki Hong Ahn),김용석(Yong Seok Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2014 대한환경공학회지 Vol.36 No.9

본 연구에서는 진위천 수계내 5개 하천의 13개 지점에서 2013년 1월부터 12월 사이에 조사된 자료를 바탕으로 수질 및 부하량에 미치는 유역 내 오염원의 영향을 평가하였다. 수질과 부하량의 계절별 변화를 평가하기 위해서 크러스컬-월리스 기법(Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test)을 사용하였고 오염원과 유달부하량 사이의 관계를 분석하기 위해서 피어슨 상관분석 기법 (Pearson correlation analysis)을 활용하였다. 부하량의 계절 변동성은 타 수질항목 대비 SS, TN, TOC가 유의수준 1% 이내로 높게 나타났다. 상관성분석에서는 수질항목별로 차이를 보였으나 거주인구와 하수처리장 방류량이 가장 높은 양의 상관계수를 보였으며 이러한 경향성은 하천유량이 적은 봄철과 겨울철에 더 높은 유의성을 나타냈다. 유역내 수질 향상을 위해서는 2012년부터 실시되고 있는 오염총량관리제도와 같은 유역관리제도의 유지 및 하수처리시설과 산업폐수처리시설로부터의 배출수의 적절한 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. We examined the effects of pollutants into sub-basin on the water quality and loading based on data surveyed during January-December 2013 from 13 sites of 5 streams in the Jinwi watershed. We used the contour plot and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test to analyze seasonal variation of water quality and loading and Pearson correlation analysis to assess the relationships between pollutants and loadings. The significantly higher seasonal variation were SS, TN and TOC as compared to other water quality constituents (P < 0.001). A significant interaction existed between the effects of human population and the effects of discharge of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) on water quality and loading, especially for the spring and winter seasons. It is necessary to control discharge water of sewage and wastewater from industrial facilities and to make full use of the watershed management system such as TMDLs in operation since 2012 for improvement in stream water quality.

진위천수계 수질오염총량관리시행에 따른 개발과 삭감계획 평가

한미덕 ( Mi Deok Han ),안기홍 ( Ki Hong Ahn ),유지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),김용석 ( Yong Seok Kim ),류덕희 ( Doug Hee Rhew ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2014 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2014 No.-

진위천 수계의 수질오염총량제 시행에 따른 지역개발과 삭감계획 평가

한미덕(Mi Deok Han),안기홍(Ki Hong Ahn),류지철(Ji Chul Ryu),손지영(Jee Yong Son),박배경(Bae Kyung Park),김용석(Young Seok Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2014 대한환경공학회지 Vol.36 No.6

본 연구에서는 2012년부터 수질오염총량관리 시행계획이 시행중인 진위천 수계의 연차별 지역개발 및 삭감계획을 평가하여 최종년도 할당부하량 및 목표수질을 만족하기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. 진위천 수계 8개 자치단체의 시행계획을 분석한 결과, 대부분의 지자체에서 삭감계획보다 개발계획의 연차별 진행률이 빠른 경향을 보였다. 군포시, 용인시, 화성시는 2020년, 평택시는 2018년, 안성시는 2015년, 오산시는 2019년이 되어서야 삭감계획 진행율이 개발계획 진행율 보다 높거나 같아졌다. 주요 삭감방법은 하수처리시설 신증설, 방류수질 개선, 축산폐수 및 고형물의 자원화, 비점저감시설 확충 등 이었으며, 특히 축산산업이 활발한 지역의 특성이 반영되어 총 삭감률 중 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 삭감방법은 축산폐수 및고형물의 자원화로 삭감률은 34.1%에 해당되었다. 진위천 수계의 수질오염총량제가 성공적으로 정착하기 위해서는 삭감계획및 지역개발계획의 체계적인 관리를 포함하여 기초자치단체의 적극적인 의지가 무엇보다 중요할 것으로 판단된다. The development and reduction scheme under implementation plan of TMDLs were performed in the Jinwi watershedincluding 8 cities (Gunpo, Yongin, Suwon, Anseong, Osan, Uiwang, Pyeongtaek and Hwaseong) since 2012. Progress of the annualdevelopment schemes was faster than the reduction schemes in most of the cities during the planning period. Main load reductionmethods included establishment and enlargement of sewage treatment plants, resources of livestock excretions, and introduction ofbest management practices of non-point source pollution. Especially, reduction load using recycling and composting of livestockexcretions comprised 34.1% of all reduction load. It is necessary to implement methodical development and reduction scheme formaking of successful performance of TMDLs and water quality improvement in the Jinwi watershed.

L-THIA모형을 이용한 수질오염총량관리제 토지계 T-P 발생부하량 산정방식의 개선

류지철(Ji Chul Ryu),김은정(Eun Jung Kim),한미덕(Mi Deok Han),김용석(Young Seok Kim),금동혁(Dong Hyuk Kum),임경재(Kyoung Jae Lim),박배경(Bae Kyung Park) 大韓環境工學會 2014 대한환경공학회지 Vol.36 No.3

본 연구에서는 수질오염총량제의 토지계 발생부하량 산정 방식에서의 지목 단순화로 인한 불확실성을 분석하고, 23개 중분류 토지피복도를 기존 산정방식에 적용하여 지목 확장을 할 수 있도록 개선하였으며 이를 L-THIA 모형을 이용하여검증하였다. 진위천 유역에 대하여 지목이 단순화된 기존 방식(시나리오 1)과 23개 중분류 토지피복도를 이용한 방식(시나리오 2)으로 산정된 TP 부하량을 비교한 결과 기존 방식의 불확실성이 높다는 것이 나타났으며, 시나리오 2에 의한 분석 결과같은 대지 분류에 속하는 토지피복들에서 T-P 발생부하량의 편차가 3.45 kg/day~56.69 kg/day로 약 16배의 차이를 보였다. 시나리오 2를 수질오염총량제에 적용할 수 있도록 23개 중분류 토지피복을 지적도 기반 지목으로 매칭하여 TP 발생부하량을산정하였다(시나리오 3). 개선된 방식(시나리오 3)의 토지계 T-P 발생부하량 산정의 정확도를 검증하기 위해 L-THIA 모형의결과와 비교하였으며 모형 예측 대비 약 10% 정도로 차이가 매우 적게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 향후 수질오염총량제의 토지계 발생부하량 산정의 정확도를 높이는데 있어 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이라 기대된다. In this study, the uncertainty analysis of present land pollutant load estimation with simplified land category in TMDLs was performed and the enhanced method for land pollutant load estimation with level II land cover consisting of 23 categories was suggested, which was verified by L-THIA model. For land TP load estimation in Jinwi stream basin, the result of comparison between existing method with simplified land category (Scenario 1) and enhanced method with level II land cover (Scenario 2) showed high uncertainty in existing method. TP loads estimated by Scenario 2 for land covers included in the site land category were in the range of 3.45 to 56.69 kg/day, in which TP loads differed by sixteen times as much among them. For application of scenario 2 to TMDLs, Land TP loads were estimated by matching level II land cover to 28 land categories in serial cadastral map (Scenario 3). In order to verify accuracy of TP load estimation by scenario 3, the simulation result of L-THIA was compared with that and the difference between the two was as little as 10%. The result of this study is expected to be used as primary data for accurate estimation of land pollutant load in TMDLs.

기후변화를 고려하기 위한 오염총량관리제 토지계 오염부하량 산정 방식 개선

류지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),박윤식 ( Yoon Sik Park ),한미덕 ( Mi Deok Han ),안기홍 ( Ki Hong Ahn ),금동혁 ( Dong Hyuk Kum ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ),박배경 ( Bae Kyung Park ) 한국물환경학회 2014 한국물환경학회지 Vol.30 No.2

In this study, a land pollutant load calculation method in TMDLs was improved to consider climate change scenarios. In order to evaluate the new method, future change in rainfall patterns was predicted by using SRES A1B climate change scenarios and then post-processing methods such as change factor (CF) and quantile mapping (QM) were applied to correct the bias between the predicted and the observed rainfall patterns. Also, future land pollutant loads were estimated by using both the bias corrected rainfall patterns and the enhanced method. For the results of bias correction, both methods (CF and QM) predicted the temporal trend of the past rainfall patterns and QM method showed future daily average precipitation in the range of 1.1~7.5 mm and CF showed it in the range of 1.3~6.8 mm from 2014 to 2100. Also, in the result of the estimation of future land pollutant loads using the enhanced method (2020, 2040, 2100), TN loads were in the range of 4316.6~6138.6 kg/day and TP loads were in the range of 457.0~716.5 kg/day. However, each result of TN and TP loads in 2020, 2040, 2100 was the same with the original method. The enhanced method in this study will be useful to predict land pollutant loads under the influence of climate change because it can reflect future change in rainfall patterns. Also, it is expected that the results of this study are used as a base data of TMDLs in case of applying for climate change scenarios.

연구논문 : 오염총량관리제의 시공간적 미래 토지이용 변화분석을 위한 CLUE-S 모델의 적용 및 평가

류지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),안기홍 ( Ki Hong Ahn ),한미덕 ( Mi Deok Han ),황하선 ( Ha Sun Hwang ),최재완 ( Jae Wan Choi ),김용석 ( Young Seok Kim ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2014 한국물환경학회지 Vol.30 No.4

The purpose of this study is to predict the spatio-temporal changes in land uses and to evaluate land-based pollutant loads in the future under Total Water Pollution Load Management System using CLUE-S model. For these ends, sensitive parameters of conversion elasticities in CLUE-S model were calibrated and these calibrated parameters of conversion elasticities, level II land cover map of year 2009, and 7 driving factors of land use changes were used in predicting future land uses in 2002 with two scenarios(Scenario 1: non area restriction, Scenario 2: area restriction). This projected land use map of 2020 was used to estimate land-based pollutant loads. It was expected that urban areas will increase in 2020 from both scenarios 1 and 2. In Scenario 1, urban areas are expected to increase within greenbelt areas and deforest would be expected. Under Scenario 2, these phenomena were not expected. Also the results of estimation of BOD and TP pollutant loads, the BOD difference between scenarios 1 and 2 was 719 kg/day in urban areas and TP difference was 17.60 kg/day in urban areas. As shown in this study, it was found that the CLUE-S model can be useful in future pollutant load estimations because of its capability of projecting future land uses considering various socio-economic driving factors and area-restriction factors, compared with conventionally used land use prediction model.

기후변화를 고려하기 위한 수질오염총량제 토지계 오염부하량 산정 방식 개선

유지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),박배경 ( Bae Kyoung Park ),한미덕 ( Mi Deok Han ),안기홍 ( Ki Hong Ahan ),김용석 ( Yong Seok Kim ),금동혁 ( Dong Hyuk Kim ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2014 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2014 No.-