이집트 무슬림 형제단의 제도권 진입과 미래

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 한국이슬람학회 2011 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.21 No.2

The MB emerged as a new political force in Egypt since 1928. The MB was believed to have had about a half-million members and the equal number of sympathizer at its apogee in the period between 1948 and 1949. Its secret wing`s attempt to kill Gamal Abud al-Nasser, the leader of Egypt in November 1954, led to its suppression. Therefore, the MB was ousted from Egyptian politics. However, its organization roots remained intact. The MB revived after Anwar al-Sadat came into power. It soon gained control of the street and became a critical element in Sadat`s efforts to crush the leftists. Since Sadat visited Jerusalem in 1977, the relationship between the MB and the Sadat government became soured. As a result, the MB became suppressed again. Although the MB has stressed its peaceful characters, it has been also restrained by the Hosni Mubarak government. During the election of December 2005, those backed by the MB won a stunning victory with taking 88 seats in the People`s Assembly. To prevent the MB`s further gains in politics, the Mubarak regime repeated clampdowns, especially targeting the key figures of the MB. It is, however, in both side`s interests to reach a compromise. Therefore, the MB gave up its main role during the revolution of January 25, 2011 and Wael Ghonim and his followers played it. The MB regularly makes statements that contradict its stated goals. Hence, they are criticised on the grounds of ambiguity and vagueness. However, the very abstractness provides it with a plasticity that makes it possible to unite disparate social groups. Eventually, it will officially enter into the mainstream politics of Egypt in the forseeable future.

중세 유럽의 십자군 전쟁은 원정인가 침략인가?

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2007 지중해지역연구 Vol.9 No.1

The crusading war was a series of campaign motivated by the desire to bring the holy places of Christendom and to protect it as European viewpoint. Many European historians thought the crusading war lasted from 1095, when Pope Urban II made his famous call to arms, until the fall of Acre in 1291. The crusading war formed two important parts, Europe and Islamic world. In Europe, the Crusades were part of the evolution of Medieval Western Europe. In Muslim East, the Crusades have left their impact on the Islamic consciousness to the present day. The historiography of the crusades, as seen from an European viewpoint, can be divided into three periods, of which the first and longest, went from 1095 to the end of the sixteenth century; the second covered the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the third begin in the early nineteenth century and has lasted to the present. The first period considered the crusading war a response to Muslim threats on Christian holy places and people in the East. The second period of crusading historiography was ushered in by the rationalists who called the crusaders adventures and brigands and considered the crusading war "a savage fanaticism". The crusades had taken their place in public opinion " among the monuments of folly and tyranny". The third period turned the tide of opinion about the crusades. A sympathetic attitude toward the Middle Ages, including the crusaders, emerged in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries under the influence of romanticism and nationalism and can be seen in the favorable depictions of the crusaders in literature, art and music. The image of the crusaders had partially recovered. After the French Revolution, nationalism made the crusaders the symbol of European expansion. Finally, they were considered the soldiers of justice without a religious meaning. On the other hand, the image of the crusades, as seen from Islamic world, has always been unchangeable, and it is as plunder. Before the coming of Islam, Christianity was the religion of the majority in the Middle East. Islam has governed the Middle East, North Africa & Spain since the 8th century. The crusading campaign was an unexpected invasion in the Muslim Levant. Muslim divided the world two parts. The first is "Dar al-Islam(House of Islam)" that is the Islamic community. The second is "Dar of al-Harb(House of War) that is outside "Dar al-Islam". Although the infidels occupied the part of Dar al-Islam which was originally infidel`s territory, Islam considers that infidels invaded Muslim territory. There the Crusading War can be expedition as the viewpoint of European, and it can be the invasion as Islamic World viewpoint.

무함마드 알리(1805-1848)의 이집트 개혁에 관한 연구

송경근 ( Song Kyung Keun ) 아시아문화학술원 2016 인문사회 21 Vol.7 No.4

본 논문은 현대 이집트의 역사를 시작한 무함마드 알리의 등장에서부터 그의 이집트 개혁의 시작, 진행, 결과, 영향 순으로 진행되었다. 그리고 마지막으로 그의개혁이 현대 이집트 역사에서 주는 의미를 생각하여 보았다. 본인은 이 논문에서 무함마드 알리의 집권 과정, 개혁 과정을 살펴보면서, 그의 개혁이 이집트의 현대사에서 끼친영향과 역사적 의미를 밝혀보고, 거기다가 이집트에서 이집트인의 위치가 어떻게 변하였나를 정리하였다. 무함마드 알리의 이집트 개혁은 자신의 권력유지를 위해서 시작되었다. 그는 자신의 안정적 권력유지를 위해서 강력하고 충성스러운 군대를 원했다. 그는 그것을 위해서 유럽의 프랑스나 영국군의 모델을 도입할 것을 원했다. 그러나 그런 군의 개혁의 성공은 이집트전체의 개혁을 필요로 했다. 결국 그의 개혁은 현대 이집트를 만들어냈다. 그의 개혁은 외형적으로 서구열강의 개입으로 실패하였지만, 그것은 현대 이집트의 초석을 만들었다. 그는 그 자신을 위해서 이집트를 개혁하였고, 이집트인들은 그의 개혁에 강제로 참여했지만, 그들의 역할의 증대와 함께 그들의 위치도 상승하여 갔으며, 궁극적으로 1952년에 이집트인을 위한 이집트를 만들었다. 즉 무함마드 알리의 개혁은 이집트인을 위한 이집트를 만드는 시작이었다. 이 논문은 한 국가나 문명이 다른 국가나 문명과 충돌하였을 때에 나타나는 반응 중에 한 지도자가 자신의 필요에 따라 상대편의 우세한 부분을 받아들여서, 자신의 국가나 문명권을 변화시키는 모습을 연구한 것이다. 이 논문은 하나의 국가나 문명이 다른 국가나 문명과 충돌해서 일어나는 변화의 사례를 연구하는 데에 좋은 자료가 될 수 있는 논문이다. This research is progressed from the appearance of Muhammad Ali, who has begun the Modern Egyptian history, and the start of Egyptian reformation, its process, result, and affection. Lastly, I interpreted the reformation of Modern Egypt during the reign of Muhammad Ali. I examined at Muhammad Ali``s seizing power process, the process of reformation, and beyond that, how his reformation affected on Modern Egypt history, in terms of historical meaning. Moreover, how the social status of Egyptian has changed during the reformation. He began the reformation of Egypt to keep the power securely. He wanted the strong, loyal, and faithful army to keep and secure his power. He wanted to adopt the model of French and Britain army for it. However, to succeed the army reformation, Egypt needed the reformation in the general field. After all, his reformation has brought the Modern Egypt. Although the intervention of European Superpower caused the failure of the Muhammad Ali``s Egyptian reformation superficially, yet it has become the foundation of the modern Egypt. He reformed Egypt for himself and Egyptians participated reformation by the order and force of Muhammad Ali. However, participating the reformation progressively, their class position was ranked higher than before. Ultimately, they built Egypt for Egyptians in 1952. Thus his reformation was the start of Egypt by Egyptians. This research looked at when one``s nation or civilization clashes with other nation or civilizations. Then how one``s leader accept the predominant power in their necessity and this lead to change their nation or civilization. Thus, this research is a good reference, whom are looking for one``s nation or civilization clash with another nation or civilization.

이집트 국내 갈등 요인에 대한 연구

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 한국이슬람학회 2012 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.22 No.2

This paper analyzes the internal conflicts in Egypt. In the beginning this paper reviews factors of conflicts. These can be divided into by four types: are political, religious, economic, and social. In chapter three the four variables causing the conflicts are applied to the human needs theory , such as the needs for control, security, justice, rational stimulation, and identity. The increase and decrease of these conflicts are dependent upon the realization of the needs of control, security, justice, rational stimulation, and identity. The core of the increase and decrease of conflicts were dependent upon the relation between the military authorities and Islamists, from Naser`s revolution to the present. Other causes of conflicts were affected by the position and situation of the military authorities and Islamists. In addition, the needs which it tries to solve, which are the causes of the conflicts, are the solution for the conflicts.

압바시야조와 세계종교로서의 이슬람

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 1998 중동연구 Vol.17 No.1

西아시아

宋京根(Song Kyung-keun) 역사학회 2002 역사학보 Vol.175 No.-

이집트 민족주의의 형성과 발전 및 그 안에서 외세와 이슬람의 역할에 대한 연구 : 프랑스의 이집트 침입부터 이집트의 독립까지

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.2

Napoleon and French Army invaded Egypt in 1798. Their occupation of Egypt lasted three years, and they were forced to be evacuated in 1801 by the Anglo-Othman forces. However, the departure of French Army not only simply end short period of intrusion in Egyptian history, during which an isolated province was exposed to European culture, but also signalled another type of European influences. On the contrary, French influence was able to establish itself further, and the first ruler of modern Egypt Muhammad Ali continued the work which Napoleon had begun. Ismail, the grandson of Muhammad Ali, continued Muhammad Ali`s work. The seed of nationalism was regarded from reformation of Khedive Ismail and to be reinforced during the intervention of Western European superpowers for the Egyptian financial bankruptcy. Islam played the role of basic power to unify and organize the Egyptian nationalists. The Egyptian nationalism was temporally pressed down the British rule. But it was fired again by Mustafa Kamil. His Nationlism was popular was supported by general public. However it was weakened after his death. On the contrary, Ahmad `Ali Lutfi guided the moderate and compromising nationalism which was rooted by the bourgeoisie. After the 1st world war they became main stram in Egyptian politics. They succeeded to obtain the independence of Egypt and became ruling power after the revolution of 1919. In this period, although Islam was not most important factor to determine all activities, anyone can`t deny it gave basic guideline to keep Egyptian nationalism. Foreign power played to fire the nationalism in Egypt. However Islam offered the basic power to continue the nationalism.

西아시아

宋京根(Song Kyung-keun) 역사학회 2000 역사학보 Vol.167 No.-

저압 나노여과에 의한 니켈도금 세척수 중의 이온 제거 특성

송경근(Kyung Guen Song),안규홍(Kyu Hong Ahn),차호영(Ho Young Cha),박은수(Eun Soo Park),염익태(Ick Tae Yeom) 大韓環境工學會 1998 대한환경공학회지 Vol.20 No.4

이집트에 대한 영국의 식민지배와 이집트 민족주의자의 저항(1882-1914)

송경근 ( Kyung Keun Song ) 한국이슬람학회 2005 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.15 No.2