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Senescence as A Consequence of Ginsenoside Rg<sub>1</sub> Response on K562 Human Leukemia Cell Line
Liu, Jun,Cai, Shi-Zhong,Zhou, Yue,Zhang, Xian-Ping,Liu, Dian-Feng,Jiang, Rong,Wang, Ya-Ping Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.12
Aims and Background: Traditional chemotherapy strategies for human leukemia commonly use drugs based on cytotoxicity to eradicate cancer cells. One predicament is that substantial damage to normal tissues is likely to occur in the course of standard treatments. Obviously, it is urgent to explore therapies that can effectively eliminate malignant cells without affecting normal cells. Our previous studies indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($Rg_1$), a major active pharmacological ingredient of ginseng, could delay normal hematopoietic stem cell senescence. However, whether $Rg_1$ can induce cancer cell senescence is still unclear. Methods: In the current study, human leukemia K562 cells were subjected to $Rg_1$ exposure. The optimal drug concentration and duration with K562 cells was obtained by MTT colorimetric test. Effects of $Rg_1$ on cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and by SA-${\beta}$-Gal staining. Colony-forming ability was measured by colony-assay. Telomere lengths were assessed by Southern blotting and expression of senescence-associated proteins P21, P16 and RB by Western blotting. Ultrastructural morphology changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: K562 cells demonstrated a maximum proliferation inhibition rate with an $Rg_1$ concentration of $20{\mu}\;mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 48h, the cells exhibiting dramatic morphological alterations including an enlarged and flat cellular morphology, larger mitochondria and increased number of lysosomes. Senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-Gal) activity was increased. K562 cells also had decreased ability for colony formation, and shortened telomere length as well as reduction of proliferating potential and arrestin $G_2$/M phase after $Rg_1$ interaction. The senescence associated proteins P21, P16 and RB were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ can induce a state of senescence in human leukemia K562 cells, which is associated with p21-Rb and p16-Rb pathways.
Lijuan Jiang,Xian-Lei Shi,Yue Lv,Honghui Gong,Shuangshuang Liu,Mengmeng Du,Qianqian Hu,Keren Shi 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.113 No.-
The development of highly efficient, economical and environmentally friendly catalytic systems is ofgreat significance from the green chemistry point of view. In this paper, we presented a succinct approachto create a heterogeneous acid–base bifunctional catalyst for one-pot tandem reaction from the commerciallyavailable textile fiber. The ultra-high strength textile fiber polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was functionalizedby a post-grafting method to combine two antagonistic active functions in a synergisticcatalyst, and the resulting fiber samples were characterized in detail by morphology, mechanical properties,elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emissionspectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrum,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, and further revealed thatthe amines and the heteropolyacid were immobilized by acid–base interactions in the PEEK surface layerwith sufficient stability. Moreover, the acid–base bifunctional catalyst can be successfully applied in theacceleration of the one-pot tandem deacetalization–Knoevenagel reactions with high-efficiency (lowercatalyst dosage 0.3 mol%, higher product yields 81–92%), whereas the homogeneous catalysts wereunable to initiate the reaction due to their mutual neutralization in solution, and the catalytic mechanismwas elucidated by comparison. Furthermore, the fibrous catalyst could maintain its activities more than10 cycles with a simple post-processing, and the mediated system was capable of enlarging to the gramscale,which are envisaged for industrial operations and cleaner productions.