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Experimental study of the influence of sodium salts as additive to NOxOUT process
Zhaoping Zhong,Xiujin Liang,Baosheng Jin,Xiaolin Chen,Weiling Li,Hongge Wei,Houkun Guo 한국화학공학회 2010 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.27 No.5
An experimental study of the SNCR process with urea as reducing agent and sodium salts as additive has been carried out, and detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism has been given here. In the temperature range of 800-975 oC, NO concentration decreases at first and then increases while the concentration of N2O increases at first and then decreases with the increasing of temperature, and the turning point is 900 oC. With increasing of normalized stoichiometric ratio of reduction nitrogen to NOx (NSR), NO removal efficiency increases, while the concentration of N2O also increases, which decreases overall NOx removal efficiency. With sodium salts as additive, the concentration of N2O decreases with increasing of sodium salts addition at all temperatures, while the concentration of NO decreases at first and then increases at low-temperature side of the temperature window and increases at high-temperature side with additional increasing, whose changing extent is smaller than N2O. Since sodium salts as additive can remove N2O effectively and have no large influence on the removal of NO, the effect of sodium salts as additive is the combined effect of the production of active radicals and the removal of HNCO produced by the decomposition of urea through neutralization reactions, which is more important. To achieve the same effect under each condition, the needed addition of NaOH and CH3COONa is less than that of Na2CO3 counting as Na atom. For the decomposition of CH3COONa can produce CH3COO, its addition can promote the reduction of NO more obviously at the lower temperature than Na2CO3 or NaOH. Overall NOx removal efficiency at 900 oC with NSR=1.5 had been improved from about 30% to 70.45% through the addition of sodium salts. Sodium salts as additive caused the flue gas to become alkaline gas, but it was not serious for sodium salts existing as NaNCO.
Lin Peiyi,Liufu Sui,Wang Jinhui,Hou Zhangpeng,Liang Yu,Wang Haiyue,Li Bingxin,Cao Nan,Liu Wenjun,Huang Yunmao,Tian Yunbo,Xu Danning,Li Xiujin,Fu Xinliang 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.5
Objective: Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. Methods: A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m2 ), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m2 ) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m2 ). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. Results: The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.