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Velasco Joseph Ching,Song Weiqing 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2023 Pacific Focus Vol.38 No.3
During the Duterte presidency from June 2016 to June 2022, the government of the Philippines limited its affinity with the United States and pursued an ostensibly pro‐China policy. This bold move took place amid the ongoing US–China rivalry. This paper carries out a retrospective examination of Duterte's China policy from the perspective of Philippine domestic politics. Specifically, we assess the international relations literature on hedging as a foreign policy strategy and argue that domestic factors play a major role in filtering systemic influences and leaving state leaders with sufficient room for strategic discretion and maneuvering. This is particularly the case with the Philippines, where strong presidentialism gives clout to the president in foreign policy development. We argue that much of the “audacious” behavior in the foreign policy of the Duterte government can simultaneously be understood as pragmatic, as it was believed to better serve the regime's short‐term goals. While the alliance with the United States remained largely intact, the Duterte government emphasized its success in stabilizing Sino–Philippine relations.
Xiangning Wu,Joseph Ching Velasco, 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2024 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.48 No.1
Vietnam has implemented hedging strategies in response to the geopolitical rivalry between China and the United States in the Indo-Pacific region. While the uncertainty from the dynamics of the Sino.US rivalry has been widely acknowledged, we examine how Vietnam’s hedging strategy is also calibrated toward ongoing domestic political developments. We argue that while the international environment determines the overall structure of Vietnam’s geopolitical hedging strategy, domestic factors, such as the success of Doi Moi, the interaction of party factions, and disagreements among public elites, influence the breadth of this strategy. Current global exigencies and internal domestic concerns require Hanoi to intelligently and delicately calibrate its interactions with great powers with little margin for error.