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Tosti, Silvano,Rizzello, Claudio,Castelli, Stefano,Violante, Vittorio The Membrane Society of Korea 1999 Korean Membrane Journal Vol.1 No.1
Pd-ceramic composite membranes and catalytic membrane reactors(CMR) have been studied for hydrogen and its isotopes (deuterium and tritium) purification and recovery in the fusion reactor fuel cycle. Particularly a closed-loop process has been studied for recovering tritium from tritiated water by means of a CMR in which the water gas shift reaction takes place. The development of the techniques for coating micro-porous ceramic tubes with Pd and Pd/Ag thin layers is described : P composite membranes have been produced by electroless deposition (Pd/Ag film of 10-20 $\mu$m) and rolling of thin metal sheets (Pd and Pd/Ag membranes of 50-70 $\mu$m). Experimental results of the electroless membranes have shown a not complete hydrogen selectivity because of the presence of some defects(micro-holes) in the metallic thin layer. Conversely the rolled thin Pd and Pd/ag membranes have separated hydrogen from the other gases with a complete selectivity giving rise to a slightly larger (about a factor 1.7) mass transfer resistance with respect to the electroless membranes. Experimental tests have confirmed the good performances of the rolled membranes in terms of chemical stability over several weeks of operation. Therefore these rolled membranes and CMR are adequate for applications in the fusion reactor fuel cycle as well as in the industrial processes where high pure hydrogen is required (i.e. hydrocarbon reforming for fuel cell)
Non-invasive estimation of relative pressure in turbulent flow using virtual work-energy
Marlevi, David,Ha, Hojin,Dillon-Murphy, Desmond,Fernandes, Joao F.,Fovargue, Daniel,Colarieti-Tosti, Massimiliano,Larsson, Matilda,Lamata, Pablo,Figueroa, C. Alberto,Ebbers, Tino,Nordsletten, David A. Elsevier 2020 Medical image analysis Vol.60 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Vascular pressure differences are established risk markers for a number of cardiovascular diseases. Relative pressures are, however, often driven by turbulence-induced flow fluctuations, where conventional non-invasive methods may yield inaccurate results. Recently, we proposed a novel method for non-turbulent flows, <I>ν</I>WERP, utilizing the concept of virtual work-energy to accurately probe relative pressure through complex branching vasculature. Here, we present an extension of this approach for turbulent flows: <I>ν</I>WERP-t. We present a theoretical method derivation based on flow covariance, quantifying the impact of flow fluctuations on relative pressure. <I>ν</I>WERP-t is tested on a set of <I>in-vitro</I> stenotic flow phantoms with data acquired by 4D flow MRI with six-directional flow encoding, as well as on a patient-specific <I>in-silico</I> model of an acute aortic dissection. Over all tests <I>ν</I>WERP-t shows improved accuracy over alternative energy-based approaches, with excellent recovery of estimated relative pressures. In particular, the use of a guaranteed divergence-free virtual field improves accuracy in cases where turbulent flows skew the apparent divergence of the acquired field. With the original <I>ν</I>WERP allowing for assessment of relative pressure into previously inaccessible vasculatures, the extended <I>ν</I>WERP-t further enlarges the method's clinical scope, underlining its potential as a novel tool for assessing relative pressure <I>in-vivo</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> vWERP-t uses virtual work-energy to accurately assess turbulent relative pressure. </LI> <LI> In-vitro, vWERP-t shows 1:1 agreement with invasive measurements of relative pressure. </LI> <LI> In transient flow, vWERP-t shows significant improvement compared to other approaches. </LI> <LI> vWERP-t guarantees divergence free flow even in turbulent fields, improving accuracy. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>