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Recent Studies of American Ginseng
Thomas S. C. Li 고려인삼학회 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.2
American ginseng (Panax qllinqllcfoliwn L.) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world. It is indigenous to North America and was used by native North Americans long before the arrival of Europeans in the New World. I. 2) Ginseng cultivation in Canada has expanded rapidly in the last decade and has become one of the largest American ginseng producer in the world with annual production of 2.3 million kg. Approximately 90% of the product is exported to Orient. British Columbia produces approximately 40% of the total yield in Canada, and has become one of the major cash crops in the province.<br/> Pacific Agri-Food Research Center of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada has conducted ginseng research since 1993, range from crop management to chemical analysis and product development.<br/>
Recent Studies of American Ginseng
Li, Thomas S.C. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.2
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world. It is indigenous to North America and was used by native North Americans long before the arrival of Europeans in the New World.(omitted)
Hydroponic and Organically Grown American Ginseng
Li Thomas S.C. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2005 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.29 No.4
A new cultural practice for commercial production of American ginseng by organically grown in a shaded greenhouse under controlled environment conditions has been developed. This new procedure will shorten the dormant period and reduce the cultivation period from 4 years in conventionally grown ginseng to 2 years.
Effect of Seeding Depth and of Soil Texture on Seeding Emergence and Root Shape of American Ginseng
Li, Thomas S.C. The Korean Society of Ginseng 1997 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.21 No.2
Stratified American ginseng(Panax quinquefoilium L.) seeds were planted in a shaded greenhouse at four depths and in four different soil types to observe effects on emergence rate and root size. Seeding depth affected seedling emergence rates and the number of days required to complete emergence. The shape of the roots was affected by the texture of soil, especially percentage of sand.
Effects of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on The Growth of American Ginseng
Thomas, S.C.Li The Korean Society of Ginseng 1995 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.19 No.1
Newly sprouted American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seedlings were transplanted to forest pots with mycorrhizae-infested soil and grown in screenhouse for 2 years. Growth patterns, mortality rate and fresh root weight were investigated. Plants in VAM soil had lower mortality rales than control. In soils infested with two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomu deseyicola, frappe, Bloss and Merge and G. intraradices, Schenck and Smith), 28-35% of plants produced 3-prongs in the second season and significantly increased fresh root weight by 41 to 43%.
Hydroponic and Organically Grown American Ginseng1
Thomas S. C. Li 고려인삼학회 2005 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.29 No.4
A new cultural practice for commercial production of American ginseng by organically grown in a shaded greenhouse under controlled environment conditions has been developed. This new procedure will shorten the dormant period and reduce the cultivation period from 4 years in conventionally grown ginseng to 2 years.
Effects of Soil Moisture on the Growth of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)
Li, Thomas S.C.,Berard, R.G. The Korean Society of Ginseng 1998 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.22 No.2
Adequate available soil moisture level is considered to be one the most important components in growing high yields of good quality ginseng. Excessive soil moisture may promote stillborn fungal pathogens and cause serious diseases in ginseng fields. This study showed that soil moisture levels for optimum growth and health of ginseng varied with soil texture. Fifty- percent available moisture for sandy loam and 75% for silty loam are the best moisture levels for good growth and higher yield.
Ma, R. C. W.,Hu, C.,Tam, C. H.,Zhang, R.,Kwan, P.,Leung, T. F.,Thomas, G. N.,Go, M. J.,Hara, K.,Sim, X.,Ho, J. S. K.,Wang, C.,Li, H.,Lu, L.,Wang, Y.,Li, J. W.,Wang, Y.,Lam, V. K. L.,Wang, J.,Yu, W.,Ki Springer-Verlag 2013 Diabetologia Vol.56 No.6
<P><B>Aims/hypothesis</B></P><P>Most genetic variants identified for type 2 diabetes have been discovered in European populations. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a Chinese population with the aim of identifying novel variants for type 2 diabetes in Asians.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We performed a meta-analysis of three GWAS comprising 684 patients with type 2 diabetes and 955 controls of Southern Han Chinese descent. We followed up the top signals in two independent Southern Han Chinese cohorts (totalling 10,383 cases and 6,974 controls), and performed in silico replication in multiple populations.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>We identified <I>CDKN2A/B</I> and four novel type 2 diabetes association signals with <I>p</I> < 1 × 10<SUP>−5</SUP> from the meta-analysis. Thirteen variants within these four loci were followed up in two independent Chinese cohorts, and rs10229583 at 7q32 was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes in a combined analysis of 11,067 cases and 7,929 controls (<I>p</I><SUB>meta</SUB> = 2.6 × 10<SUP>−8</SUP>; OR [95% CI] 1.18 [1.11, 1.25]). In silico replication revealed consistent associations across multiethnic groups, including five East Asian populations (<I>p</I><SUB>meta</SUB> = 2.3 × 10<SUP>−10</SUP>) and a population of European descent (<I>p</I> = 8.6 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP>). The rs10229583 risk variant was associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose, impaired beta cell function in controls, and an earlier age at diagnosis for the cases. The novel variant lies within an islet-selective cluster of open regulatory elements. There was significant heterogeneity of effect between Han Chinese and individuals of European descent, Malaysians and Indians.</P><P><B>Conclusions/interpretation</B></P><P>Our study identifies rs10229583 near <I>PAX4</I> as a novel locus for type 2 diabetes in Chinese and other populations and provides new insights into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2874-4) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.</P>