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Carbon Material from Natural Sources as an Anode in Lithium Secondary Battery
Sunil Bhardwaj,Maheshwar Sharon,T. Ishihara,Sandesh Jayabhaye,Rakesh Afre,T. Soga,Madhuri Sharon 한국탄소학회 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.4
Carbon materials of various morphologies were synthesized by pyrolysis of Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi), Jack Fruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Date-seeds (Phoenix dactylifera), Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica), Tea leaves (Ehretia microphylla), Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus) and Coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera), without using any catalyst. Carbon materials thus formed were characterized by SEM XRD and Raman. Carbon thus synthesized varied in size (in μm) but all showed highly porous morphology. These carbon materials were utilized as the anode in Lithium secondary battery. Amongst the various precursors, carbon fibers obtained from Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi) and Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus), even after 100th cycles, showed the highest capacity of 130.29 mAh/g and 92.74 mAh/g respectively. Morphology, surface areas and porosity of carbon materials obtained from these precursors were analyzed to provide interpretation for their capacity to intercalate lithium. From the Raman studies it is concluded that graphitic nature of carbon materials assist in the intercalation of lithium. Size of cavity (or pore size of channels type structure) present in carbon materials were found to facilitate the intercalation of lithium.
Laser Ablated Carbon Thin Film from Carbon Nanotubes and Their Property Studies
Sharon, Maheshwar,Rusop, M.,Soga, T.,Afre, Rakesh A. Korean Carbon Society 2008 Carbon Letters Vol.9 No.1
A carbon nanotube (CNT) of diameter ~20 nm has been synthesized by spray pyrolysis of turpentine oil using Ni/Fe catalyst. Pellet of CNTs has been used as a target to produce semiconducting carbon thin film of band gap 1.4 eV. Presence of oxygen pressure in the pulse laser deposition (PLD) chamber helped to control the $sp^3/sp^2$ ratio to achieve the desired band gap. Results are discussed with the help of Raman spectra, SEM TEM micrographs and optical measurements suggest that semiconducting carbon thin film deposited by PLD technique has retained its nanotubes structure except that its diameter has increased from 20 nm to 150 nm.
Laser Ablated Carbon Thin Film from Carbon Nanotubes and Their Property Studies
Maheshwar Sharon,M. Rusop,T. Soga,Rakesh A. Afre 한국탄소학회 2008 Carbon Letters Vol.9 No.1
A carbon nanotube (CNT) of diameter ~20 nm has been synthesized by spray pyrolysis of turpentine oil using Ni/Fe catalyst. Pellet of CNTs has been used as a target to produce semiconducting carbon thin film of band gap 1.4 eV. Presence of oxygen pressure in the pulse laser deposition (PLD) chamber helped to control the sp3/sp2 ratio to achieve the desired band gap. Results are discussed with the help of Raman spectra, SEM TEM micrographs and optical measurements suggest that semiconducting carbon thin film deposited by PLD technique has retained its nanotubes structure except that its diameter has increased from 20 nm to 150 nm.
Carbon Material from Natural Sources as an Anode in Lithium Secondary Battery
Bhardwaj, Sunil,Sharon, Maheshwar,Ishihara, T.,Jayabhaye, Sandesh,Afre, Rakesh,Soga, T.,Sharon, Madhuri Korean Carbon Society 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.4
Carbon materials of various morphologies were synthesized by pyrolysis of Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi), Jack Fruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Date-seeds (Phoenix dactylifera), Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica), Tea leaves (Ehretia microphylla), Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus) and Coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera), without using any catalyst. Carbon materials thus formed were characterized by SEM XRD and Raman. Carbon thus synthesized varied in size (in ${\mu}m$) but all showed highly porous morphology. These carbon materials were utilized as the anode in Lithium secondary battery. Amongst the various precursors, carbon fibers obtained from Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi) and Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus), even after $100^{th}$ cycles, showed the highest capacity of 130.29 mAh/g and 92.74 mAh/g respectively. Morphology, surface areas and porosity of carbon materials obtained from these precursors were analyzed to provide interpretation for their capacity to intercalate lithium. From the Raman studies it is concluded that graphitic nature of carbon materials assist in the intercalation of lithium. Size of cavity (or pore size of channels type structure) present in carbon materials were found to facilitate the intercalation of lithium.
Photocatalytic Degradation of E. coli and S. aureus by Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Madhuri Sharon,Suprama Datta,Sejal Shah,Mahesh War Sharon,T. Soga,Rakesh Afre 한국탄소학회 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.3
Carbon Nano Tubes could be either metallic or semi-conducting in nature, depending on their diameter. Its photocatalytic behavior has given an impetus to use it as an anti-microbial agent. More than 95% Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria got killed when exposed to Carbon Nano Tubes for 30 minutes in presence of sunlight. Carbon Nano Tubes are supposed to have smooth surface on to which it accumulates positive charges when exposed to light. The surface that is non illuminated has negative charge. At the cellular level microorganisms produce negative charges on the cell membrane, Therefore damaging effect of multi walled carbon nano tubes (exposed to light) on the microorganisms is possible. In this paper, photo catalytic killing of microbes by multi walled carbon nano tubes is reported. Killing was due to damage in the cell membrane, as seen in SEM micrographs. Moreover biochemical analysis of membrane as well as total cellular proteins by SDS PAGE showed that there was denaturation of membrane proteins as well as total proteins of both the microbes studied. The killed microbes that showed a decrease in number of protein bands (i.e. due to breaking down of proteins) also showed an increase in level of free amino acids in microbes. This further confirmed that proteins got denatured or broken down into shorter units of amino acids. Increased level of free amino acids was recorded in both the microbes treated with multi walled carbon nano tubes and sunlight.
Investigations on the structural, optical and electronic properties of Nd doped ZnO thin films
Subramanian, M,Thakur, P,Gautam, S,Chae, K H,Tanemura, M,Hihara, T,Vijayalakshmi, S,Soga, T,Kim, S S,Asokan, K,Jayavel, R Institute of Physics [etc.] 2009 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Vol.42 No.10
<P>We report the synthesis and characterization of Nd doped ZnO thin films grown on Si (1 0 0) substrates by the spray pyrolysis method. The surface morphology of these thin films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and shows the presence of randomly distributed structures of nanorods. Grazing angle x-ray diffraction studies confirm that the doped Nd ions occupied Zn sites and these samples exhibited a wurtzite hexagonal-like crystal structure similar to that of the parent compound, ZnO. The micro-photoluminescence measurement shows a decrease in the near band edge position with Nd doping in the ZnO matrix due to the impurity levels. The near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements at the O K edge clearly exhibit a pre-edge spectral feature which evolves with Nd doping, suggesting incorporation of more charge carriers in the ZnO system and the presence of strong hybridization between O 2p–Nd 5d orbitals. The Nd M<SUB>5</SUB> edge NEXAFS spectra reveal that the Nd ions are in the trivalent state.</P>
Photocatalytic Degradation of E. coli and S. aureus by Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Sharon, Madhuri,Datta, Suprama,Shah, Sejal,Sharon, Mahesh War,Soga, T.,Afre, Rakesh Korean Carbon Society 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.3
Carbon Nano Tubes could be either metallic or semi-conducting in nature, depending on their diameter. Its photocatalytic behavior has given an impetus to use it as an anti-microbial agent. More than 95% Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria got killed when exposed to Carbon Nano Tubes for 30 minutes in presence of sunlight. Carbon Nano Tubes are supposed to have smooth surface on to which it accumulates positive charges when exposed to light. The surface that is non illuminated has negative charge. At the cellular level microorganisms produce negative charges on the cell membrane, Therefore damaging effect of multi walled carbon nano tubes (exposed to light) on the microorganisms is possible. In this paper, photo catalytic killing of microbes by multi walled carbon nano tubes is reported. Killing was due to damage in the cell membrane, as seen in SEM micrographs. Moreover biochemical analysis of membrane as well as total cellular proteins by SDS PAGE showed that there was denaturation of membrane proteins as well as total proteins of both the microbes studied. The killed microbes that showed a decrease in number of protein bands (i.e. due to breaking down of proteins) also showed an increase in level of free amino acids in microbes. This further confirmed that proteins got denatured or broken down into shorter units of amino acids. Increased level of free amino acids was recorded in both the microbes treated with multi walled carbon nano tubes and sunlight.