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Characterising and reducing the blank response from mercury vapour sorbent tubes
Brown, R. C.,Braysher, E.,McGhee, E.,Goddard, S.,Ent, H.,Kim, K. H.,Nielsen, J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Analytical methods Vol.9 No.18
<P>An investigation into the factors contributing to the blank response of sorbent tubes used for sampling and measuring mercury vapour is presented. These contributing factors are quantified and strategies to mitigate or remove their effects have been proposed - the most effective of which on a routine operational basis is the cleaning of the sorbent tubes in air to remove surface adsorbed mercury and any organic contaminants that can be oxidised. Contributions of up to 175 pg of mercury, or mercury equivalent mass, were identified and removed. The largest contributors were deeply absorbed mercury and hydrocarbons and other organic compounds oxidised and removed by heating in air. Decreasing the blank response resulted in an improvement in detection limit of a factor of two. This estimate was corroborated by a novel technique for assessing the detection limit of analytical methods employing multiple desorptions that relies on determining when the ratio of the third desorption response was equivalent to the first desorption response.</P>
A Molecular Mucosal Adjuvant To Enhance Immunity Against Pneumococcal Infection In The Elderly
Yoshiko Fukuyama,Yorihiko Ikeda,Junichiro Ohori,Gen Sugita,Kazuyoshi Aso,Keiko Fujihashi,David E. Briles,Jerry R. McGhee,Kohtaro Fujihashi 대한면역학회 2015 Immune Network Vol.15 No.1
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) causes amajor upper respiratory tract infection often leading to severeillness and death in the elderly. Thus, it is important toinduce safe and effective mucosal immunity against thispathogen in order to prevent pnuemocaccal infection. However, this is a very difficult task to elicit protective mucosalIgA antibody responses in older individuals. A combindnasal adjuvant consisting of a plasmid encoding the Flt3 ligandcDNA (pFL) and CpG oligonucleotide (CpG ODN) successfullyenhanced S. pneumoniae-specific mucosal immunityin aged mice. In particular, a pneumococcal surfaceprotein A-based nasal vaccine given with pFL and CpG ODNinduced complete protection from S. pneumoniae infection. These results show that nasal delivery of a combined DNAadjuvant offers an attractive potential for protection againstthe pneumococcus in the elderly.
A Molecular Mucosal Adjuvant To Enhance Immunity Against Pneumococcal Infection In The Elderly
Fukuyama, Yoshiko,Ikeda, Yorihiko,Ohori, Junichiro,Sugita, Gen,Aso, Kazuyoshi,Fujihashi, Keiko,Briles, David E.,McGhee, Jerry R.,Fujihashi, Kohtaro The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2015 Immune Network Vol.15 No.1
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) causes a major upper respiratory tract infection often leading to severe illness and death in the elderly. Thus, it is important to induce safe and effective mucosal immunity against this pathogen in order to prevent pnuemocaccal infection. However, this is a very difficult task to elicit protective mucosal IgA antibody responses in older individuals. A combind nasal adjuvant consisting of a plasmid encoding the Flt3 ligand cDNA (pFL) and CpG oligonucleotide (CpG ODN) successfully enhanced S. pneumoniae-specific mucosal immunity in aged mice. In particular, a pneumococcal surface protein A-based nasal vaccine given with pFL and CpG ODN induced complete protection from S. pneumoniae infection. These results show that nasal delivery of a combined DNA adjuvant offers an attractive potential for protection against the pneumococcus in the elderly.
Antipneumococcal Activity of DW-224a, a New Quinolone, Compared to Those of Eight Other Agents
Kosowska-Shick, Klaudia,Credito, Kim,Pankuch, Glenn A.,Lin, Gengrong,Bozdogan, Bü,lent,McGhee, Pamela,Dewasse, Bonifacio,Choi, Dong-Rack,Ryu, Jei Man,Appelbaum, Peter C. American Society for Microbiology 2006 Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Vol.50 No.6
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>DW-224a is a new broad-spectrum quinolone with excellent antipneumococcal activity. Agar dilution MIC was used to test the activity of DW-224a compared to those of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, and azithromycin against 353 quinolone-susceptible pneumococci. The MICs of 29 quinolone-resistant pneumococci with defined quinolone resistance mechanisms against seven quinolones and an efflux mechanism were also tested. DW-224a was the most potent quinolone against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci (MIC50, 0.016 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.03 μg/ml), followed by gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. β-Lactam MICs rose with those of penicillin G, and azithromycin resistance was seen mainly in strains with raised penicillin G MICs. Against the 29 quinolone-resistant strains, DW-224a had the lowest MICs (0.06 to 1 μg/ml) compared to those of gemifloxacin, clinafloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. DW-224a at 2× MIC was bactericidal after 24 h against eight of nine strains tested. Other quinolones gave similar kill kinetics relative to higher MICs. Serial passages of nine strains in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of DW-224a, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, and azithromycin were performed. DW-224a yielded resistant clones similar to moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin but also yielded lower MICs. Azithromycin selected resistant clones in three of the five parents tested. Amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefuroxime did not yield resistant clones after 50 days.</P>