National Security Perceptions of Korean University Students

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2023 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: Korean university students have a special interest in security issues, understand the importance of Northeast Asian and foreign situations and national security, and have a sense of responsibility. This is because Korean university students recognized the importance of security through service in the military, and they are aware of security threats and espionage activities even after being discharged. Therefore, by publishing this thesis in English, we intend to contribute to prosperity and peace by sharing information on the security awareness of Korean university students with researchers around the world. Method: Frequency analysis was conducted to identify general characteristics using the SPSS/PC+23.0 program, and Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated to verify the reliability of the questionnaire. In addition, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis were conducted on Korean university students’ perception of counterespionage activities, security reporting methods, threats from neighboring countries, and the role of the government. Results: ‘Threat and awareness’ factors were extracted for Korean university students’ perception of counterintelligence activities, and 'public factors' and 'personal factors' were extracted for security reporting methods. As major national threats, 'dictatorship' and 'liberal democracy' were classified and extracted, and the government's role was extracted as requiring 'joint response'. Perception of counterintelligence activities correlated with security reporting methods, threats from neighboring countries, and the role of the government. There was also a significant correlation between security reporting methods, threats from neighboring countries, and the role of the government. As a result of simple linear regression analysis, it was found that counterintelligence activity perception affects the method of reporting security, threats from neighboring countries, and the role of the government. Conclusion: Korean university students are aware of threats from neighboring countries, and Korea’s military service system is important for raising awareness of the importance of national security through mandatory service in the army and training in the reserves. Korean university students have negative perceptions of the dictatorships of neighboring countries North Korea and China, are aware of China's espionage and cyber psychological warfare, and are aware of the reality by watching TV broadcasts featuring North Korean defectors, and are fully aware of the threat. In response to these threats, Korean university students aspire for stability and prosperity in Northeast Asia through joint responses by government departments.

SELF-PROTECTION Sport: An Analysis of the Connection between the Experience of Winning a Competition and the Experience of Being Selected as a Representative Player of Middle and High School and College Judo Players

Sunggu Jo,Jusik Park,Byeongchan Kim J-INSTITUTE 2020 Protection Convergence Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: This study analyzed 198 middle and high school and college judo players in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province as of 2020 for the connection between their experience of winning a competition and being selected as a representative player. Method: Using the SPSS 23.0 program, this study conducted a frequency analysis to identify the general char-acteristics of the study subjects and calculated Cronbach s α coefficient to verify the reliability of the question-naire. Chi-Square was conducted to find out the connection between the experience of winning a competition and being selected as a representative player. Results: The study found that men had more experience of being selected as a representative player than women and that they had more experience of winning a competition as the school year advanced. In addition, as the school year advances, the experience of being selected as a representative player increases, and the longer the player s career, the more the experience of winning a competition. The longer the player s career, the more the experience of being selected as a representative player, and the more the experience of being selected as a representative player if one has the experience of winning a competition. Conclusion: The results confirmed through this study believed to be fully utilized as basic data for training plans and management for judo players to improve their performance, but due to the limited number of study subjects, differences in the level of participating players, region, gender, and career, it is considered to be some-what difficult to generalize the results of this study.

New Duties of Intelligence Agency in Response to the Pandemic of COVID-19

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2022 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: During the pandemic of COVID-19, we have again felt the importance of information and have also realized that medical and scientific technology alone cannot control the pandemic caused by disease. Hence, it is intended to discuss the role of intelligence agency under such uncertainties. Method: In order to study such social phenomena, the pandemic of COVID-19 situation has been analyzed over the past two years as well as the methods to collect the necessary information through many existing literature and data. The analysis attempted to interpret the meaning of the phenomenon through the intuitive insight of the researcher. Results: The result is that people s lives, as with COVID-19, may become insecure and unpredictable overnight. Furthermore, despite medical and scientific technology and development, the COVID-19 virus has expanded to delta mutations and omicron mutations, and hence, it is still unknown as to when this uncertain situation will end, which will have a direct impact on the national security. Conclusion: It is of the view that the medical and scientific technology alone cannot control situations such as the pandemic of COVID-19, and the ‘power of intelligence’ to prepare for and against such scenarios in the future should be supported, and this duty will become a new task for the intelligence agency.

Soft Power in Northeast Asia, Using AI in Information Warfare

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2023 Robotics & AI Ethics Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: Conflicts between Korea, the United States, Japan, North Korea, China, and Russia continue along with the competition for supremacy between the United States and China, and conflicts between South and North Korea and between China and Taiwan continue as the Korean Peninsula is an area with a high possibility of military conflict. However, even in North Korea, China, and Russia, which are closed countries, the influence of the soft power of cultural content such as dramas through the Internet is bringing about changes in collective sentiment even in closed countries. Due to these phenomena, Northeast Asia, which has been confronted with military power, is facing a new phase, and we wanted to discuss the use of AI technology in information warfare by the soft power of the Intelligence Agency. Method: For the expansion of AI use and research on information warfare, the historical cases of Northeast Asia were analyzed, and the evolution of literature and media was reviewed to understand the phenomenon of artificial intelligence (AI) after the 4th industrial revolution, and the themes were selected. In addition, related data were collected and reviewed, and an attempt was made to theoretically establish the research results academically. Results: 1. Northeast Asia is undergoing a transition from order based on hard power through military power to soft power based on cultural content. Just as the spread of culture has expanded faster and deeper the more it is controlled by the state, many researchers in Northeast Asia sympathize with the collapse of the system when asked how long such surveillance and control by dictatorships such as China and North Korea will be possible. According to this phenomenon, the influence of the power of culture on society was analyzed. 2. Artificial intelligence (AI) learning information will adversely affect sound soft power due to manipulated information and biased algorithm learning data. Due to this loophole, the Intelligence Agency will launch an information war using artificial intelligence (AI) technology that suits its own interests. In addition, the Internet will accelerate the propagation speed of distorted soft power and penetrate deeply into human life. Therefore, the Intelligence Agency is expected to analyze the influence of this distorted soft power on its country and start blocking and defending against attacks. Conclusion: 1. The legal system before the advent of AI is expected to be modified or supplemented by more than 50% after the advent of AI. In accordance with this paradigm shift, the authority of the Intelligence Agency in the information warfare of AI was divided into the right to investigate, the right to investigate, and the right to operate. 2. In response to the threat of using artificial intelligence (AI) in information warfare, the government of the country not only expanded the size of the Intelligence Agency but also proposed a hybrid structure of cooperation with the private sector, that is, a model of ‘hybrid defense’. Lastly, in 1983, when tensions between the US and the Soviet Union were in the Cold War, the state-of-the-art scientific equipment, a satellite for detecting nuclear missiles, recognized the US ICBM launch warning. In response, Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, commander of the Watch Command of the Soviet Air Defense Force, determined through human intuition that this was a computer error. It reexamined the case of preventing World War III by judging computer errors through human intuition, not judgment of scientific equipment, and suggested ethical issues in information warfare.

Comprehensive Threats and Directions in Northeast Asia

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2023 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: In Northeast Asia, not only Japan, which dominated East Asia in World War II, China, the world's second largest economy, and North Korea, a communist country that has become a religious dictatorship due to the discontinuation of the rationing system, but also Russia's military power, which was confident of taking over Kyiv, Ukraine, in three days, shows the limitations of the impact of hard power. Therefore, this study presents six threats and discussion points of Northeast Asia through case studies and suggests the direction of Northeast Asia in the future. Method: This study was conducted as a case study according to the purpose of the study. We selected 6 specific cases and targeted individual cases, and tried to derive phenomenological results through data collection and analysis of the collected data on social phenomena. Results: First, the role of governments in pandemics such as Covid-19; second, drug trafficking to finance the regime of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un; third, internal agitation and Subversion of regimes in North Korea; fourth, the Korean Wave in Northeast Asia and the expansion of Chinese espionage; fifth, China's distortion of history, repression of the Xinjiang Uyghur region, and consolidation of Islamic culture; and sixth, election interference in neighboring countries, In Northeast Asia, in addition to the governments of North Korea, China, and Russia, liberal governments such as South Korea, Japan, and the United States are strengthening their intelligence capabilities to control uncertainty, but the personal information contained in the threat information is causing controversy in their countries, and the “social value” of the value conflict between threat information and personal information collection is presented as a discussion point. Conclusion: Soft power, not hard power, will play an important role in the establishment of liberalism in Northeast Asia, the Internet and travel will play an important role in cultural transmission and experience, and North Korea, like China and Russia, will gradually move towards reform and opening up. And in Northeast Asia, through Japan and Korea, now China's educated population has increased rapidly, and economic polarization is increasing relative poverty. It is expected that the violent act, which started from extreme social anger, will further disturb the Chinese people and government. The Chinese government will try to protect these problems by expanding the social surveillance network through the public security force, but we must not overlook the historical case that the expansion of the social audit network, which did not harmonize freedom and control, has led to more serious situations such as regime change. The international community has already recognized that the problems of Northeast Asia cannot be solved by hard power, and it is now necessary to pursue peace and prosperity through political and economic union systems such as the EU. In this process, China and North Korea should have the courage to move towards liberalism, and the establishment of the EU model in Northeast Asia will mean a shift from a perception of an adversarial situation to a perception of cooperative problem solving, with win-win effects on population, energy, and environmental issues.

Followership, Stress, Empowerment, and Organizational Commitment in Leaders of Korean Martial Arts Athlete

Sunggu Jo,Byeongchan Kim,Bongjun Choi J-INSTITUTE 2023 International Journal of Martial Arts Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: Korean judo and taekwondo are traditional martial arts disciplines with strong track records at the Olympic and World Championships. Korean judo athletes have proven their international competitiveness by winning many medals for their technique and skill, while taekwondo has also won many medals and gained global recognition. South Korea's martial arts disciplines are grounded in tradition and philosophy, and continue to develop and advance through research and investment. Therefore, we wanted to explore the characteristics of martial arts practice through a survey of university student martial arts athlete in South Korea. Method: This study analyzed the general characteristics of the subjects, differences between variables, and correlations through frequency analysis, reliability verification, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis of Korean martial arts athletes' questionnaires. , and the influence were explored and analyzed. Results: As a result of analyzing followership, stress, empowerment, and organizational commitment of Korean martial arts athletes, the Judo team had a statistically significantly higher followership in all items than the Taekwondo team, and the Judo team had statistically higher stress and empowerment in certain items than the Taekwondo team. was found to be significantly higher. Martial arts events and training starting point were not related to the leader's followership, and martial arts events and university grades were found to be correlated. As a result of the factor analysis, 1-2 sub-factors of followership, stress, empowerment, and organizational commitment were derived. As a result of the correlation analysis, leader followership was significantly correlated with organizational commitment and empowerment, and stress was significantly correlated with organizational commitment and empowerment. As a result of the simple linear regression analysis, it was found that the leader's followership affects organizational commitment and empowerment, and stress has a partial effect on organizational commitment. Conclusion: Compared to the Taekwondo team, the Korean Judo team showed higher levels of followership in all categories, and in some items, stress and empowerment were also higher, which can be explained by differences in martial arts training methods or leadership styles. Martial arts training starting point were not related to the leader's followership, but were found to be related to the university grade. From these results, it can be seen that martial arts and university grades should be considered when forming a team. In the martial arts training team, the leader's followership has a significant effect on organizational commitment and empowerment, and it can be said that stress is also related to organizational commitment. Therefore, the leader must properly adjust the followership style and consider stress management and organizational commitment.

Human Life of Korean University Students

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2023 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: The Korean wave phenomenon is closely related to university students in Korea, and university students are greatly influenced by the Korean Wave phenomenon and experience and develop positive changes and opportunities through it. The Korean Wave phenomenon is contributing to university students introducing and promoting Korean wave contents abroad, contributing to Korean language education and cultural exchange, and becoming Korea's representative soft power factor through cultural event planning and international leadership. Through these roles, university students can gain opportunities to promote Korean culture and values to the world and form an international network, which has created a need for research on the lives of Korean university students. Method: In this study, 150 Korean university students were surveyed by convenience sampling method. A valid questionnaire was analyzed for 136 people, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 program. Frequency analysis, t-test, and One Way ANOVA were used as analysis methods. According to the purpose of the analysis, differences in stress by gender, difference in organizational commitment by presence or absence of friends of the opposite sex, differences in empowerment by religious type, and differences in organizational commitment by friends of the opposite sex and dwelling type were explored. Results: First, as a result of examining the difference in stress according to gender in Korean university students, males answered Q7(I feel the need to reduce part of my role in my team) and Q8(I feel my role is too much in my team). It was found that women experience higher levels of stress than women. Second, as a result of verifying differences in empowerment according to religious types of Korean university students, in Q8(I decide the goal of my training by myself), the result was that Christian believers experienced higher empowerment than other religions(non-religious). And as a result of examining the difference in organizational commitment according to the presence or absence of friends of the opposite sex among Korean university students, those who have friends of the opposite sex were Q1(I feel a strong sense of belonging to the team I am currently training for), Q2(I think the current team is worth putting my heart and soul into), and Q3(I look forward to life in the team more positively in the future). Conclusion: First, Korean university students showed different role burdens and stress levels according to gender. Second, Christians tended to feel greater self-determination and control through religious values and belief systems. Third, those who have friends of the opposite sex tend to feel a strong sense of belonging and passion within the organization. Fourth, students living in university dormitory dormitories showed higher organizational commitment than students who commute to school. The university dormitory provides an environment that encourages the formation of relationships with classmates and communication with the outside world.

A Study on the Adaptation to the South Korean Society for the Survival of the North Korean Defectors: With a Focus on Job Satisfaction according to the Period of Service of the South Korean Security Police

Woongshin Park,Sunggu Jo,Jaeho Kim J-INSTITUTE 2022 Public Value Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: The Korean Peninsula of the Northeast Asia is the only divided country in the world, and unlike South Korea, North Korea is isolated from against the rest of the international community due to the socialist ideology and oppression of its dictatorship, and the human rights of the North Koreans are very serious given the economic sanctions. The number of the North Korean defectors is increasing each day. Hence, through the job satisfaction according to the period of service of the security police, who can directly or indirectly support the North Korean defectors in South Korea, which is the most frequently selected by North Korean defectors, a plan for the North Korean defectors for settling in the South Korean society has been presented. Method: In this study, among police officers in the security department as of 2020 who had experience in work related North Korean defectors, 100 trainees in the Police Human Resources Development Institute were surveyed via self-administration method. Among the collected survey questionnaires, 91 were selected as valid samples, excluding those whose answers were incomplete or missing. Results: First, there is a difference in the job satisfaction according to the total period of service in the police organization. As a result of the analysis performed, Q-3 and Q-4 were high at the 5% level. As for Q-5, 20 years or longer turned out to be higher at 1% level than 6 or longer and 10 years and less and 11 or more years and 15 years or less. Q-3 is a response for “I have considerable discretion in performing my job.” Q-4 is a response for “I think that the division of duties and the relationship of authority and responsibility among the organizational employees are clarified and efficient work assignment is made.” Second, there is a difference in the police’s job satisfaction according to security and service period among police organizations. As a result of the analysis performed, at the level of 5%, as for Q-1, 10 years or longer turned out to be more satisfied with their current job and position as a police officer than 2 years or less. Q-1 is a response for I don t think the salary level is low compared to my job.“ Conclusion: Given the unfortunate political and historical experiences of the South Korean society, there is a critical perception of the security police, and it is necessary to strengthen the capabilities of the security police to support the North Korean defectors. Naturally, there may be criticisms as such, but it is worth considering schol-arly from the point of view of the modern liberal state philosophy such that the state exists to protect the lives and bodies of the people and human security, which has gradually expanded its scope entering the 21st century.

POLICE STRESS by Gender and Age

Seungmin Baek,Sunggu Jo,Chiyoung Lee J-INSTITUTE 2021 Public Value Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the difference according to gender and age among general characteristics as stress factors in the Korean security police in terms of public value. Through the verification of the difference between these two factors, a discussion was conducted about which gender and age group per-ceived more occupational stress and how to effectively control it. Method: In this study, among police officers in the security department as of 2020 who had experience in work related to North Korean defectors, 100 trainees in the Police Human Resources Development Institute were surveyed via self-administration method. Among the collected survey questionnaires, 91 were selected as valid samples, excluding those whose answers were incomplete or missing. Results: As a result of the study, there was a significant difference in Q-5 as a difference in stress according to sex. Specifically, men were higher than women at the 1% significance level. Significant differences were found in Q-6, Q-7, and Q-8 in stress according to age. In all three questions, those in their fifties and above showed the highest at the 5% significance level, and those in their twenties showed the lowest stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, there were significant differences in stress according to gender and age, and as a measure to reduce stress, organization should actively clarify the work environment, job system, and promotions, the direction and goals of the security police organization within a comprehensive security concept, and maintain efforts to reduce the burden of work in a male-centered organizational culture.

The Relationship between the Sense of Creation, Social Adaptation, and the Feeling of Happiness Via Spectating Sports Events

Hwansuk Choi,Sunggu Jo,Jaeho Kim J-INSTITUTE 2022 Kinesiology Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the direction for not only hosting sports events but also managing them by examining and understanding the influence of the sense of creation via watching sports events on the social adaptation and the feeling of happiness. Method: In this study, convenience sampling was used for the sampling method for 260 people who experienced watching sports events in 2021, and the survey was conducted by using the self-administration method. Among the collected questionnaires, 249 questionnaires were used as valid samples, excluding the data with insincere responses or omissions of some of the contents of the survey. The frequency analysis, Cronbach s α coefficient calculation, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and the structural equation model using the statistical package program SPSS 23.0 Program and AMOS 18.0, were performed. Results: In this study, as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed across all measurement items, it was confirmed that the model fit criteria were satisfied, and it turned out that there was no problem with concen-trated validity. There was no multi-collinearity problem in the correlation between the variables, and it turned out that all fit indices were satisfied in the model fit of the study. The standardized coefficient value for the effect of sense of creation via watching sports events on social adaptation turned out to be .289, which turned out to have a significant effect at a significance level of .001, and the standardized coefficient value for the effect of the sense of creation via watching sports events on the feeling of happiness turned out to be .312 with a significant effect at the significance level of .001. The standardized coefficient value for the effect of social adaptation on the feeling of happiness turned out to be .326, which demonstrated a significant effect at the significance level of .001. Conclusion: The conclusions reached by undergoing the research process demonstrate the fact that the sense of creation via watching sports events influences the social adaptation and feeling of happiness, and expectations about the economic, temporal, and social costs of spectators via watching sports events, and the participation of excellent players, efforts to improve performance, and provision of various convenience facilities are needed to ensure that they can feel satisfaction.