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Simon J. Walsh,Claudia Cosgrove,James C. Spratt,Colm G. Hanratty 대한심장학회 2019 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.49 No.7
Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are a commonly encountered lesion. These present in a diverse patient population with variable anatomy. Technical success rates of ~90% are achievable for CTO lesions in centers with appropriate expertise. Many lesions can be crossed with wire-based techniques. However, the most anatomically complex and technically challenging lesions will often require more advanced approaches such as retrograde access and/or the application of blunt dissection techniques in the vessel to safely navigate long and/or ambiguous CTO segments. Retrograde dissection and re-entry (RDR) and antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR) strategies are often needed to treat such lesions. In many circumstances, ADR offers a safe and efficient means to successfully cross a CTO lesion. Therefore, operators must remain cognizant of the risks and benefits of differing technical approaches during CTO percutaneous coronary intervention, particularly when both ADR and RDR are feasible. This article provides an overview of the ADR technique in addition to updated approaches in contemporary clinical practice.
Clements, J. D.,Feng, Carl G.,Palendira, Umaimainthan,Demangel, Caroline,Spratt, Joanne M.,Malin, Adam S.,Britton, Warwick J. American Society for Microbiology 2001 Infection and immunity Vol.69 No.6
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Sequential immunization with mycobacterial antigen Ag85B-expressing DNA and <I>Mycobacterium bovis</I> bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was more effective than BCG immunization in protecting against<I>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</I> infection. Depletion of the CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells in the immunized mice impaired protection in their spleens, indicating that this improved efficacy was partially mediated by CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells.</P>