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POLY(LACTIC ACID) ADDED WITH A-TOCOPHEROL AND RESVERATROL. I. OPTICAL, PHYSICAL, THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Soto-valdez, H.,Auras, R.,Hwang, S.,Matuana, L.,Rubino, M.,Selke, S.,Cho, K.,Lee, S.,Shim, J. UNKNOWN 2011 Conference proceedings Vol.2011 No.1
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2
Migration of α-tocopherol and resveratrol from poly(L-lactic acid)/starch blends films into ethanol

Hwang, S.W.,Shim, J.K.,Selke, S.,Soto-Valdez, H.,Matuana, L.,Rubino, M.,Auras, R. Applied Science Publishers 2013 Journal of food engineering Vol.116 No.4
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Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/starch blends with various concentrations of two natural antioxidants, α-tocopherol (α-TOC) and resveratrol, were fabricated by a melt blending and compression molding processes. The effects of the two antioxidants on the optical (color), thermal and mechanical properties of PLLA/starch blends with antioxidants were assessed. PLLA/starch blend films with α-TOC and resveratrol showed a yellowish color influenced by the combined effect of white starch and the brown color of the antioxidants. The glass transition and melting temperatures were significantly reduced with the addition of antioxidants while enhanced thermal stability was observed, which could be a benefit and important for processing and production. The enhanced mechanical properties could be attributed to not only a compatibilization effect based on the chemical linkage between PLLA and starch chains, but also restriction of the chain mobility by antioxidants. The release of resveratrol from PLLA and PLLA/starch blend films into ethanol followed Fickian behavior. The D values of α-TOC were in the range of 0.47-3.95x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 0.70-6.83x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 13oC, 5.67-13.0x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 4.10-24.2x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 23oC, and 89.0-118.0x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 123-282x10-11cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 43oC. The D values of resveratrol were in the range of 0.073-0.54x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 1.42-6.93x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 13oC, 0.90-3.44x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 4.16-22.3x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 23oC, and 24.8-74.1x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA films and 40.1-309x10-10cm2s-1 for PLLA/starch blend films at 43oC.
3
Influence of Wheat Straw Pelletizing and Inclusion Rate in Dry Rolled or Steam-flaked Corn-based Finishing Diets on Characteristics of Digestion for Feedlot Cattle

Manriquez, O.M.,Montano, M.F.,Calderon, J.F.,Valdez, J.A.,Chirino, J.O.,Gonzalez, V.M.,Salinas-Chavira, J.,Mendoza, G.D.,Soto, S.,Zinn, R.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.6
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Eight Holstein steers ($216{\pm}48kg$ body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate effects of wheat straw processing (ground vs pelleted) at two straw inclusion rates (7% and 14%; dry matter basis) in dry rolled or steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on characteristics of digestion. The experimental design was a split plot consisting of two simultaneous $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. Increasing straw level reduced ruminal (p<0.01) and total tract (p = 0.03) organic matter (OM) digestion. As expected, increasing wheat straw level from 7% to 14% decreased (p<0.05) ruminal and total tract digestion of OM. Digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch, per se, were not affected (p>0.10) by wheat straw level. Likewise, straw level did not influence ruminal acetate and propionate molar proportions or estimated methane production (p>0.10). Pelleting straw did not affect ($p{\geq}0.48$) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, and starch, or microbial efficiency. Ruminal feed N digestion was greater (7.4%; p = 0.02) for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets. Although ruminal starch digestion was not affected by straw processing, post-ruminal (p<0.01), and total-tract starch (p = 0.05) digestion were greater for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets, resulting in a tendency for increased post-ruminal (p = 0.06) and total tract (p = 0.07) OM digestion. Pelleting wheat straw decreased (p<0.01) ruminal pH, although ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and estimated methane were not affected ($p{\geq}0.27$). Ruminal digestion of OM and starch, and post-ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, starch and N were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal NDF digestion was greater (p = 0.02) for dry rolled than for steam-flaked corn, although total tract NDF digestion was unaffected (p = 0.94). Ruminal microbial efficiency and ruminal degradation of feed N were not affected (p>0.14) by corn processing. However, microbial N flow to the small intestine and ruminal N efficiency (non-ammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake) were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration were not affected ($p{\geq}0.16$) by corn processing method. Compared with dry rolled corn, steam-flaked corn-based diets resulted in decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.02). It is concluded that at 7% or 14% straw inclusion rate, changes in physical characteristics of wheat straw brought about by pelleting negatively impact OM digestion of both steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn-based finishing diets. This effect is due to decreased post-ruminal starch digestion. Replacement of ground straw with pelleted straw also may decrease ruminal pH.

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