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Buddha-nature, Critical Buddhism, and Early Chan
Robert H. Sharf 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2017 불교학 리뷰 Vol.22 No.-
이 논문은 불교와 서양 철학에 대한 최근의 비교 연구에서 왜 중세 중국불교 사상이 더 이목을 끌지 않았는지에 대한 반성으로 시작한다. 일본의 “비판 불교”를 창시한 일본의 마츠모토 시로(松本史朗)와 하카마야 노리아키(袴谷憲昭)는 이러한 경시를 당연한 것으로 볼지 모른다. 그들은, 넓게는 동아시아불교 전체, 좁게는 중국 선불교가 여래장과 불성사상을 수용하여 철학적으로 불구가 되었다고 보기 때문이다. 실제로 마츠모토는 남종선의 설계자 중 한사람인 하택 신회(670-762)를 선종 입장에서 불성 이론을 옹호한 예로 뽑았다. 이 논문은 불성사상과 여래장사상이 실제로 비판적이고 철학적인 작업에 해로운지는 다루지 않는다. 오히려 이 논문의 관심은 8세기 남종선의 창시자들이 가진 불성사상에 대한 깊은 관심은 그것을 수용하는 것과 전혀 무관하였다는 것을 증명하는데 있다. 증거는 다음과 같다. (1) 신회의 저술, 주목할 만한 것은그가 ‘무정불성’설에 대해 반대했다는 사실, (2) 육조단경, 특히 혜능 ‘오도송’의 다양한 판본들이다. 그리하여 남종선은 비판불교학자들의 반-‘계일원론(dhātuvāda)’에 대한 선구자로 간주할 수 있다. 이 논문은 중국불교 주석가들이 유가행파와 여래장의 형이상학적 일원론과 중관과 반야류 문헌의 반-실체론적 경향을 융합하려는데서 지속적으로 발생하는 문제에 대한 평가로 마무리한다. This article begins with a reflection on why medieval Chinese Buddhist thought has not been more conspicuous in recent comparative work on Buddhism and Western philosophy. The Japanese proponents of “Critical Buddhism” (hihan bukkyō 批判仏教), Matsumoto Shirō 松本史朗 and Hakamaya Noriaki 袴谷憲昭, would see this neglect as merited since, in their view, East Asian Buddhism in general, and Chinese Chan in particular, is philosophically crippled owing to its embrace of tathāgatagarbha and buddha-nature thought. Indeed, Matsumoto singles out Shenhui 荷澤神會 (670-762), one of the architects of the Southern School of Chan, as an example of the early Chan advocacy of buddha-nature doctrine. This article is not concerned with whether buddha-nature and tathāgatagarbha thought is actually deleterious to critical philosophical work. Rather, the concern is to demonstrate that, far from embracing buddha-nature doctrine, the eighth-century founders of Southern Chan had serious concerns with it. Evidence for this is found in: (1) the writings of Shenhui, notably in his opposition to the doctrine of the “buddha-nature of insentient objects” (wuqing foxing 無情佛性); and (2) the Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch (Liuzu tanjing 六祖壇經), particularly in the variant versions of Huineng’s famous “enlightenment verse.” Thus the Southern School may be viewed as a forerunner of the Critical Buddhist anti-dhātuvāda polemics. The article closes with comments on the ongoing problems Chinese Buddhist exegetes had in marrying the metaphysical monism of Yogācāra and tathāgatagarbha teachings with the anti-foundationalist thrust of Madhyamaka and Prajñāpāramitā literature.
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Heo, Jongbae,Wu, Bo,Abdeen, Ziad,Qasrawi, Radwan,Sarnat, Jeremy A.,Sharf, Geula,Shpund, Kobby,Schauer, James J. Elsevier 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.225 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This manuscript evaluates spatial and temporal variations of source contributions to ambient fine particulate matter (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) in Israeli, Jordanian, and Palestinian cities. Twenty-four hour integrated PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples were collected every six days over a 1-year period (January to December 2007) in four cities in Israel (West Jerusalem, Eilat, Tel Aviv, and Haifa), four cities in Jordan (Amman, Aqaba, Rahma, and Zarka), and three cities in Palestine (Nablus, East Jerusalem, and Hebron). The PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples were analyzed for major chemical components, including organic carbon and elemental carbon, ions, and metals, and the results were used in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to estimate source contributions to PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass. Nine sources, including secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, mobile, industrial lead sources, dust, construction dust, biomass burning, fuel oil combustion and sea salt, were identified across the sampling sites. Secondary sulfate was the dominant source, contributing 35% of the total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass, and it showed relatively homogeneous temporal trends of daily source contribution in the study area. Mobile sources were found to be the second greatest contributor to PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass in the large metropolitan cities, such as Tel Aviv, Hebron, and West and East Jerusalem. Other sources (i.e. industrial lead sources, construction dust, and fuel oil combustion) were closely related to local emissions within individual cities. This study demonstrates how international cooperation can facilitate air pollution studies that address regional air pollution issues and the incremental differences across cities in a common airshed. It also provides a model to study air pollution in regions with limited air quality monitoring capacity that have persistent and emerging air quality problems, such as Africa, South Asia and Central America.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Secondary Sulfate is the dominant source of PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> in the Middle East. </LI> <LI> Secondary inorganic aerosols show relatively homogeneous temporal trends. </LI> <LI> Other sources are largely related to local emissions within individual cities. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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