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Mukherjee, Santanu,Schuppert, Nicholas,Bates, Alex,Jasinski, Jacek,Hong, Jong-Eun,Choi, Moon Jong,Park, Sam Elsevier 2017 Journal of Power Sources Vol.347 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A novel solvoplasma based technique was used to fabricate highly uniform SnO<SUB>2</SUB> nanowires (NWs) for application as an anode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This technique is scalable, rapid, and utilizes a rigorous cleaning process to produce very pure SnO<SUB>2</SUB> NWs with enhanced porosity; which improves sodium-ion hosting and reaction kinetics. The batch of NWs obtained from the plasma process were named the “as-made” sample and after cleaning the “pure” sample. Structural characterization showed that the as-made sample has a K<SUP>+</SUP> ion impurity which is absent in the pure samples. The pure samples have a higher maximum specific capacity, 400.71 mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP>, and Coulombic efficiency, 85%, compared to the as-made samples which have a maximum specific capacity of 174.69 mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> and Coulombic efficiency of 74% upon cycling. A study of the electrochemical impedance spectra showed that the as-made samples have a higher interfacial and diffusion resistance than the pure samples and resistances increased after 50 cycles of cell operation for both samples due to progressive electrode degradation. Specific energy vs specific power plots were employed to analyze the performance of the system with respect to the working conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Fabrication of SnO<SUB>2</SUB> NWs using a novel solvoplasma technique (as-made SnO<SUB>2</SUB> NWs). </LI> <LI> Cleaning with HCl to remove K<SUP>+</SUP> ions and to introduce porosity in the pure NWs. </LI> <LI> BET and TEM analysis to analyze the porosity of the as-made and pure SnO<SUB>2</SUB> NWs. </LI> <LI> Results shows superior behavior of pure SnO<SUB>2</SUB> NWs compared to the as-made ones. </LI> <LI> Unfavorable side reactions and dendrites cause loss of specific capacity. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries
Kim, Joo Gon,Son, Byungrak,Mukherjee, Santanu,Schuppert, Nicholas,Bates, Alex,Kwon, Osung,Choi, Moon Jong,Chung, Hyun Yeol,Park, Sam Elsevier 2015 Journal of Power Sources Vol.282 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Conventional lithium-ion liquid-electrolyte batteries are widely used in portable electronic equipment such as laptop computers, cell phones, and electric vehicles; however, they have several drawbacks, including expensive sealing agents and inherent hazards of fire and leakages. All solid state batteries utilize solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes. Drawbacks for all-solid state lithium-ion batteries include high resistance at ambient temperatures and design intricacies. This paper is a comprehensive review of all aspects of solid state batteries: their design, the materials used, and a detailed literature review of various important advances made in research. The paper exhaustively studies lithium based solid state batteries, as they are the most prevalent, but also considers non-lithium based systems. Non-lithium based solid state batteries are attaining widespread commercial applications, as are also lithium based polymeric solid state electrolytes. Tabular representations and schematic diagrams are provided to underscore the unique characteristics of solid state batteries and their capacity to occupy a niche in the alternative energy sector.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A comprehensive review of all aspects of solid state batteries: design, materials. </LI> <LI> Tabular representations to underscore the characteristics of solid state batteries. </LI> <LI> Solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes. </LI> </UL> </P>