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Disparity vs. Discrimination: the Influence of Race in Police Arrest
Zhang Hongwei,Zhao Ruohui 아시아경찰학회 2005 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.3 No.1
This paper explored two major theories used to explain racial disparity in police arrests. After comparing some research findings concerning racial disparity/discrimination in police arrests it seems that although there are some studies supporting police discrimination, the findings are more in favor of the consensus theory. More studies and evidence show that the racial disproportionality in arrests is the result of police disparity in arrest and differential involvement of African American people instead of police discrimination. Legal factors seem to play more important roles than extralegal factors in police arrests.
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Chen Chen,Fu Xing,Zhuo Li,Ruohui Zhang 한국식물학회 2023 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.66 No.3
Invasive weeds that are poisonous to animals may affect the growth of neighboring palatable plants by releasing allelochemicals in degraded grasslands. Nitrogen (N) input may promote the growth of plants and alter the soil and plant nutrient content and their stoichiometric ratios. However, it is unclear how N addition mediates allelopathic effects of unpalatable weeds on adjacent plants. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was performed to detect the combined effects of root leachate of an invasive and unpalatable weed, Stellera chamaejasme, and N addition on the phenotypic traits and nutrient stoichiometry of a dominant grass, Leymus chinensis, in the Songnen grassland, China. The results showed that leachate addition had no significant effects on traits such as ramet number and biomass but significantly decreased total carbon (C) and the C:N ratio and increased total N in the shoots of L. chinensis. Furthermore, higher N addition changed the original allelopathic effects of the leachate by changing the soil pH, N and phosphorous availability, and microbial activity. This study emphasizes the significance of stoichiometry for detecting plant allelopathy. In particular, N deposition and plant allelopathy should be considered in assessing the relationships between invasive weeds and palatable plants in degraded grasslands.
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