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African Businesswomen in Asia : A Cultural Interface in the World of Globalization
Rebecca Mbuh Research Institute of Asian Women Sookmyung Women' 2005 Asian Women Vol.21 No.-
This paper explores the expansion of African women's business practices from the local environment to the international arena. Though African women have been engaged in trading from time immemorial, the venture into transcontinental trading is a phenomenon which is only now gaining more visibility. Due to persistent economic hardships which began in the 1990s, many African women are taking advantage of the benefits of globalization and modern technologies to engage in international trade. While the benefits and rewards are gratifying, there are several challenges that these women face. Through detailed interviews conducted with selected women who trade between African countries and Asia, especially Korea, some of the difficulties and opportunities are highlighted. These challenges are experienced at two fronts: in their home countries and internationally as they share time between family responsibilities and their businesses.
African Women and Higher Education Attainment in the 21st Century : The Challenge Continues
Mbuh, Rebecca N. 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2006 Asian Women Vol.22 No.1
Current educational policies and educational plans of many African nations have combined with the past practices to limit the ability of women to fully utilize their intellectual energies in the management of their economies. African states inherited gender stereotyped educational systems from the colonial states. To date, little has been done to transform these gender typed systems. The net result is the disproportionate representation of women in educational institutions at all levels, but worse at the higher levels of education. Overall, very few women have access to institutions of higher learning, and those who do enter specific, stereotyped fields. The percentage of female enrollment in institutions of higher learning in African universities in 2002/2003 ranged from 0.34 per cent in Niger to 53 per cent in South Africa (UNESCO 2003). This paper assesses the plight of African women in education at the higher level and examines some of the reasons African women have been so grossly under-represented in managerial and decision-making positions in government, private and other influential sectors. The paper argues that the participation of African women in higher education is very low in large part because of traditional and cultural values that emphasize a woman's roles as wife and mother from a very early age. Additional, the paper discusses other causes of the under-representation of women in higher educational institutions that can be attributed to history and government policies in response to the increasing demand for education. Suggestions for narrowing the gap created by gender inequalities through improving educational policies and practices are advanced to government officials, educators and leaders of the private sectors.