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Yadav Mohit,Rathore Jitendra Singh 한국응용곤충학회 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.25 No.3
Bacteria have a particular strategy to invade the host immune system by forming an undetectable dormant state that may resuscitate and cause disease even after inhabiting for years in a host body. Several mechanisms are known to be responsible for bacterial dormancy, among them the hipBA toxin-antitoxin (TA) system which was initially identified in Escherichia coli. Here we explore the genomic distribution and functional association of hipBA TA homologs from an entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. This bacterium is a sym biotic model with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. We found that HipA toxin homologs are more closely related than HipB antitoxins and have satisfactory adenine (for HipA homologs) and nucleic acid (for HipB homologs) ligand partners with a typical TA interaction network that may promote the X. nematophila towards a stringent response to form the dormant state. Such homologs distribution is an inclusion in the current TA repertoire of X. nematophila.
New face in the row of bioactive compounds and toxin-antitoxin modules: Xenorhabdus nematophila
Shobhi Chaudhary,Singh Garima,Gupta Nomita,Ghosh Chaitali,Rathore Jitendra Singh 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.4
Mutualistic symbiosis exists in the natural world between the Enterobacteriaceae genus Xenorhabdus and the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema. Despite the fact that the bulk of the relationships are speciesspecific, a single Xenorhabdus sp. may infect more than one Steinernema sp. During the complex and stressful life cycle inside the gut of insect as well as in soil, Xenorhabdus nematophila produces various bioactive com pounds. These bioactive compounds are responsible for killing of infected insect larvae. It also ensures the reproduction and proliferation of the bacteria and nematodes. In this review, we have discussed various bioactive compounds produced by Xenorhabdus nematophila, proving it extremely critical for novel antibiotic discovery in the era of current antibiotic resistance crisis. The wide range of bioactive compounds produced by X. nematophila have antibacterial as well as antifungal properties. However, some of the bioactive compounds are effective against insects, nematodes, protozoa, and has anti-cancer potential too. Further, we have also discussed the increased production and gene regulation of several antimicrobial compounds. In the end, we have also discussed the presence of Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems and their involvement in adaptation to multiple adverse envi ronments for the bacteria.