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Welchen, Elina,Viola, Ivana L.,Kim, Hye Jin,Prendes, Luciana P.,Comelli, Raú,l N.,Hong, Jong Chan,Gonzalez, Daniel H. Oxford University Press 2009 Journal of experimental botany Vol.60 No.3
<P>Sequences required for the expression of Cytc-2 (At4g10040), one of two cytochrome c genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, were characterized using plants transformed with deleted and mutagenized promoter fragments fused to gus. These studies indicated that a region containing a G-box and an ACGT motif is essential for expression. Mutation of the ACGT motif causes a complete loss of expression, while mutation of the G-box causes decreased expression in aerial parts and abolishes expression in roots and induction by environmental factors. Upstream located site II elements are required for maximal expression, mainly in reproductive tissues, and maximal induction by different factors. One-hybrid screenings allowed the identification of transcription factors from the bZIP and bHLH families that interact mainly with the G-box. Four of these factors were able to bind to the Cytc-2 promoter in vitro and in transactivation assays in Arabidopsis. Analysis of available microarray data indicated that the bZIP transcription factors share expression characteristics with the Cytc-2 gene, suggesting that they act as mediators of its response to tissue-specific, environmental, and metabolic conditions. Site II elements interact with a TCP family protein and may co-ordinate the expression of the Cytc-2 gene with that of other respiratory chain components. A model is proposed for the evolution of the Cytc-2 gene through the incorporation of a segment containing a G-box and an ACGT motif into an ancestral gene that contained site II elements. This may have reduced the importance of site II elements for basal expression and conferred new responses to environmental factors.</P>
Geomorphological evolution of the Rimac River’s alluvial fan, Lima, Peru
Sandra P. Villacorta,Kenneth G. Evans,Trinidad J. De Torres,Miguel Llorente,Nicanor Prende 한국지질과학협의회 2019 Geosciences Journal Vol.23 No.3
The alluvial fan of Lima is a complex landform, resulting from the sediment contributions of the Rimac River and the coalescence of the alluvial fans of the tributaries of the Rimac River. Depositional zones in the fan and changing main channel and distributary channels are influenced by the palaeo-relief inherited from a semi-arid climate and by the climatic changes. The upper sedimentary sequence of the fan, dominant on the Costa Verde, is of Upper Pleistocene–Holocene age. The sediments forming it are non-cohesive and are highly mobile during floods and earthquakes. The dominant features in this sequence, intertwined channel facies and laminar flows, were influenced by the Pleistocene–Holocene postglacial marine transgressions. A deeper understanding of the evolution of the Lima alluvial fan provides insight in to the fan’s future evolution in the framework of active tectonics and climate change. The Lima fan is an area with high human population density and is subjected to floods and debris flows resulting in subsequent loss of human life and properties. Therefore, the improved understanding of the fan’s evolution, resulting from this study, will contribute to a better definition of high risk areas of potential human disaster caused by these natural processes. Cyclic-fandevelopment, presently controlled by glacial sea level lows and palaeo-topography will continue regardless of human intervention in attempts to prevent natural disasters in Lima.