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Flavonols, Flavones, Flavanones and Human Health : Epidemiological Evidence
Brigitte A. Graf,Paul E. Milbury,Jeffrey B. Blumberg 한국식품영양과학회 2004 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.55 No.-
Polyphenolic flavonoids are among a wide variety of phytochemicals present in the human diet. Basic research, animal model, and human studies suggest flavonoid intake may reduce the risk of several agerelated chronic diseases. The vast number of flavonoids and mixtures of their subclasses, including flavonols, flavones and flavanones, and the variety of agricultural practices that affect their concentration in foods have presented a challenge to the development of adequate food composition databases for these compounds. Nonetheless, dietary assessments have been applied to cohort and case-control epidemiological studies and several reveal an inverse association with risk of some forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions. Those observational studies that have examined these relationships with regard to flavonols, flavones, and flavanones are reviewed. The requirement for caution in interpreting these studies is discussed with regard to the limited information available on the bioavailability and biotransformation of these flavonoids. As the totality of the available evidence on these flavonoids suggests a role in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease, further research is warranted, particularly in controlled clinical trials.
Flavonols, Flavones, Flavanones, and Human Health: Epidemiological Evidence
Jeffrey B. Blumberg,Brigitte A.Graf,Paul E.Milbury 한국식품영양과학회 2005 Journal of medicinal food Vol.8 No.3
Polyphenolic flavonoids are among a wide variety of phytochemicals present in the human diet. Basic research,animal model, and human studies suggest flavonoid intake may reduce the risk of several age-related chronic diseases. Thevast number of flavonoids and mixtures of their subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, and flavanones, and the variety ofagricultural practices that affect their concentration in foods have presented a challenge to the development of adequate foodcomposition databases for these compounds. Nonetheless, dietary assessments have been applied to cohort and case-controlepidemiological studies, and several reveal an inverse association with risk of some forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease,and other chronic conditions. Those observational studies that have examined these relationships with regard to flavonols,flavones, and flavanones are reviewed. The requirement for caution in interpreting these studies is discussed with regard tothe limited information available on the bioavailability and biotransformation of these flavonoids. As the totality of the avail-able evidence on these flavonoids suggests a role in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease, further research iswarranted, particularly in controlled clinical trials.
Percec, Virgil,Hudson, Steven D.,Peterca, Mihai,Leowanawat, Pawaret,Aqad, Emad,Graf, Robert,Spiess, Hans W.,Zeng, Xiangbing,Ungar, Goran,Heiney, Paul A. American Chemical Society 2011 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.133 No.45
<P>The dendronized perylene 3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide (PBI), (3,4,5)12G1-3-PBI, was recently reported to self-assemble in complex helical columns containing tetramers of PBI as basic repeat unit. These tetramers contain a pair of two molecules arranged side-by-side and another pair in the next stratum of the column turned upside-down and rotated around the column axis. Intra- and intertetramer rotation angles and stacking distances are different. At high temperature, (3,4,5)12G1-3-PBI self-assembles via a thermodynamically controlled process in a 2D hexagonal columnar phase while at low temperature in a 3D orthorhombic columnar array via a kinetically controlled process. Here, we report the synthesis and structural analysis, by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray and electron diffraction, and solid-state NMR performed at different temperatures, on the supramolecular structures generated by a library of (3,4,5)<I>n</I>G1-3-PBI with <I>n</I> = 14–4. For <I>n</I> = 11–8, the kinetically controlled self-assembly from low temperature changes in a thermodynamically controlled process, while the orthorhombic columnar array for <I>n</I> = 9 and 8 transforms from the thermodynamic product into the kinetic product. The new thermodynamic product at low temperature for <I>n</I> = 9, 8 is a self-repaired helical column with an intra- and intertetramer distance of 3.5 Å forming a 3D monoclinic periodic array via a kinetically controlled self-assembly process. The complex dynamic process leading to this reorganization was elucidated by solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction. This discovery is important for the field of self-assembly and for the molecular design of supramolecular electronics and solar cell.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2011/jacsat.2011.133.issue-45/ja208501d/production/images/medium/ja-2011-08501d_0011.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja208501d'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>