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Otsubo Jiro,Mariko Shigeru,Hayashi Ichiroku 한국생태학회 2010 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.33 No.2
Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula ermanii segregate vertically at an elevation of approximately 1,850 m on Mt. Neko in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. ermanii were the dominant species below and above this altitude, at which the mean-annual and growing-season air temperatures were 4°C and 14.1°C, respectively. Based on a modification of Kira's warmth index which employs cumulative temperature represented as °C day, leaf unfolding in both species was observed to be initiated at 58°C day and 169°C day, respectively. In 1996, leaf unfolding was initiated on 18 May in B. platyphylla var. japonica (+/-6 days) and on 5 June in B. ermanii (+/-8 days), shortly after the last frost which occurred on 5 May 1995 above 1,850 m; below this elevation there was no risk of frost at the time. At elevations above 1,850 m, the unfolded leaves of B. platyphylla were damaged by late frost, while B. ermanii escaped injury because the leaves were still protected by winter buds. The optimum temperature for seed germination in both B. platyphylla and B. ermanii was 30°C. Temperature alternation from 10 to 30°C and moist storage of seeds at 4°C (stratification) prior to incubation increased germination rates in both species. The seedlings of B. ermanii had a greater survival rates than those of B. platyphylla var. japonica when planted above 1,850 m. Comparisons of the timing of leaf unfolding and the latest frost at a site appeared to be the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of these species.
Effect of associating polymer on the dispersion stability and rheology of suspensions
Otsubo, Yasufumi,Horigome, Misao The Korean Society of Rheology 2003 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.15 No.1
Associating polymers are hydrophilic long-chain molecules to which a small amount of hydrophobic groups (hydrophobes) is incorporated. In aqueous solution, the association interactions result in the formation of three-dimensional network through flowerlike micelles at high concentrations. In colloidal suspensions, the associating polymers act as flocculated by bridging mechanism. The rheological properties of suspensions flocculated by associating polymers end-capped with hydrophobes are studied in relation to the bridging conformation. At low polymer concentrations, the polymer chains effectively form bridges between particles by multichain association. The suspensions are highly flocculated and show typical viscoelastic responses. When the polymer concentration is increased above the absorbance at saturation, the excess polymer chains remaining in the solution phase build up three-dimensional network by associating interactions. Since the presence of particles does not significantly influence the network structures in the medium, the relative viscosity, which gives a measure of the degree of flocculation is decreased with increasing polymer concentration. The bridging conformation and flocculation level vary strongly depending on the polymer concentrations.
Effect of surfactant adsorption on the rheology of suspensions flocculated by associating polymers
Otsubo, Yasufumi,Horigome, Misao The Korean Society of Rheology 2003 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.15 No.4
Associating polymers act as flocculants in colloidal suspensions, because the hydrophobic groups (hydrophobes) can adsorb onto particle surfaces and create intermolecular cross-linking. The steady-shear viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity were measured for suspensions flocculated by multichain bridging of associating polymers. The effects of surfactant on the suspension rheology are studied in relation to the bridging conformation. The surfactant molecule behaves as a displacer and the polymer chains are forced to desorb from the particle surfaces. The overall effect of surfactant is the reduction of suspension viscosity. However, the additions of a small amount of surfactant to suspensions, in which the degree of bridging is low, cause a viscosity increase, although the number of chains forming one bridge is decreased by the forced desorption of associating polymer. Since the polymer chains desorbed from one bridge can form another bridge between bare particles, the bridging density over the system is increased. Therefore, the surfactant adsorption leads to a viscosity increase. The surfactant influences the viscosity in two opposing ways depending on the degree of bridging.
Otsubo, Shigeru T.,Umemura, Tetsuo 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
Accompanying the wave of liberalization in motion since the mid 1980s. trade complementarity and its underlysing structure of comparative advantage have started to dictate the directions of international trade flows. The vibrant FDI-export-led Asian growth has revealed the role of FDI as a financial gravity for trade integration in the APEC region. Analysies of forces underlying trade integration using trade gravity models with dummies for regional trading arrangements, augmented by the additions of trade complementarity and FDI flows as gravity variables of emerging significance, suggest that 1)APEC is more potent in the creation of intra-regional trade compared to other regional trading arrangements (RTAs); 2) intra-regional trade generarion is much more significant in North-North and North-South RTAs as compared to that for the Soyth-South RTAs; 3) thrade complementarity is a significant determinant of the directions of trade, and its significance has grown since the mid 1980s wiht reductions in trade distortions; and 4) inward FDI is a significant determinant of the direction of intra-APEC trade transactions.
Jiro, Otsubo,Shigeru, Mariko,Ichiroku, Hayashi The Ecological Society of Korea 2010 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.33 No.2
Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula ermanii segregate vertically at an elevation of approximately 1,850 m on Mt. Neko in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. ermanii were the dominant species below and above this altitude, at which the mean-annual and growing-season air temperatures were $4^{\circ}C$ and $14.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on a modification of Kira's warmth index which employs cumulative temperature represented as $^{\circ}C$ day, leaf unfolding in both species was observed to be initiated at $58^{\circ}C$ day and $169^{\circ}C$ day, respectively. In 1996, leaf unfolding was initiated on 18 May in B. platyphylla var. japonica (+/-6 days) and on 5 June in B. ermanii (+/-8 days), shortly after the last frost which occurred on 5 May 1995 above 1,850 m; below this elevation there was no risk of frost at the time. At elevations above 1,850 m, the unfolded leaves of B. platyphylla were damaged by late frost, while B. ermanii escaped injury because the leaves were still protected by winter buds. The optimum temperature for seed germination in both B. platyphylla and B. ermanii was $30^{\circ}C$. Temperature alternation from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and moist storage of seeds at $4^{\circ}C$ (stratification) prior to incubation increased germination rates in both species. The seedlings of B. ermanii had a greater survival rates than those of B. platyphylla var. japonica when planted above 1,850 m. Comparisons of the timing of leaf unfolding and the latest frost at a site appeared to be the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of these species.
( Shigeru T. Otsubo ),( Tetsuo Umemura ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
Accompanying the wave of liberalization in motion since the mid 1980s, trade complementarity and its underlying structure of comparative advantage have started to dictate the directions of international trade flows. The vibrant FDI-export- led Asian growth has revealed the role of FDI as a financial gravity for trade integration in the APEC region. Analyses of forces underlying trade integration using trade gravity models with dummies for regional trading arrangements, augmented by the additions of trade complementarity and FDI flows as gravity variables of emerging significance, suggest that 1) APEC is more potent in the creation of intra-regional trade compared to other regional trading arrangements (RTAs); 2) intra-regional trade generation is much more significant in North-North and North-South RTAs as compared to that for the South-South RTAs; 3) trade complementarity is a significant determinant of the directions of trade, and its significance has grown since the mid 1980s with reductions in trade distortions; and 4) inward FDI is a significant determinant of the direction of intra-APEC trade transactions.