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Olawale Adeyemi 대한백신학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.11 No.3
With the growing concern on the evolution of vaccine development in Africa, I congratulate Lamptey et al. [1] on their coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) special article titled “COVID-19 vaccines development in Africa: a review of current situation and existing challenges of vaccine production.” Indeed, a critical gap in vaccine production on the continent is largely responsible for the vaccine inequity. In their piece, the impressive summarization of challenges faced in vaccine development in Africa is indeed a call to action for policymakers and leaders in the health systems on the continent. As the presence of available vaccines has been proven to reduce infections [2]. While structural aspects such as limitations in the cold-supply chains, lack of access to vaccination clinics in underserved areas, digital constraints and a competition for sparsely available appointments could be other constraints faced even after the mitigation of the production challenges are tackled [3]. The authors pointed out that there is a lag in Africa in reduction of COVID-19 burden cases by vaccination [1]. If the challenges of vaccine production in Africa are surmounted, and African nations come up with their own candidates, a major hurdle could be vaccine wastage of available doses. Today, African nations account for some of the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates worldwide; Nigeria with 6.5% fully vaccinated, Tanzania 5.1%, Cameroon 4.5%, Ethiopia 18.5%, and Kenya 15.6% [4]. The readiness to get vaccinated is greatly influenced by a mistrust of the authorities [5]. With the development of a suitable candidate, vaccine hesitancy on the continent could largely account for wastage of vaccine doses. In addition to strategies to develop COVID-19 vaccine candidates in Africa, it is also imperative that issues that create a mistrust between the population and the health authorities/governments are addressed, to witness a full acceptance of the developed vaccine and compliance. This can avert any possibilities of vaccine wastage if a suitable candidate is developed on the continent. While the push for the development of a pan-African vaccine project is ongoing, community engagement should be used as a measure to restore the confidence of the public. By the use of trusted community figures, confidence in potential developed vaccines in Africa can be increased.
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Variance components, correlation and path analyses in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp)
Aliyu Olawale Mashood,Tiamiyu Adeyemi Odunola,Usman Muinat,Abdulkareem Yusuf Folorunsho 한국작물학회 2022 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.25 No.2
Cowpea as a low-input crop has a potential to signifcantly ameliorate poor nutrition and food insecurity in sub-Sahara Africa if problem of poor seed yield is addressed. Adequate information on the relationship between yield components and seed yield is, however, crucial for the development of better quality varieties to improve farmers’ feld yield. To this end, twelve cowpea accessions of diferent seed sizes and mixed pedigrees were evaluated for two years in feld trials of three replications laid out in a randomized complete block design. Data collected on plant vigour indices, yield components and seed yield were analyzed for variance components, Pearson correlation coefcient and structural equation modeling for path analysis. The accessions exhibited signifcant variation for all yield components including seed yield. In addition, the variance estimates indicated that substantial variations recorded were mostly genetic with high heritability values. Earliness in fowering and pod maturity recorded highly signifcant correlations and direct efect with yield components and seed yield. Positive correlation between precocity and high yield could be exploited in the development of improved varieties with early maturity for the savannah ecology with a characteristic short wet season. Importantly, all seed yield components are signifcantly correlated with each other and to total seed yield. Pods per plant, however, recorded highest coefcient values (r=0.85; P<0.001; 1.38**) for both Pearson correlation and path analysis, respectively, suggesting its importance as a yield component with highest direct efect on seed yield and should be a core selection index in cowpea breeding. The efect of size-number trade-of accounts for the counter-balance of direct efects of seeds per pod/plant (number) and seed weight (size) in cowpea and should be determined on genotype and/or seed size basis during selection. Plant vigour characters had no direct contribution to seed yield.
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