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        Flowers morphology and nectar concentration determine the preferred food source of stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama

        Basari Norasmah,Ramli Sarah Najiah,Abdul-Mutalid Nur Adawiyah,Shaipulah Nur Fariza M.,Hashim Nur Aida 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.2

        Heterotrigona itama is a stingless bee species from Meliponini tribe. The bee collects nectar, pollen and resin to produce honey, bee bread, and propolis. The bee is also known to visit and collect nectar from various types of flowers but there are limited studies on why this species of bee prefers to visit certain types of flowers. This study was conducted to identify the nectar concentration in selected flowers favoured by H. itama and the relationship between the bee and the morphology of the flowers. Nectar was obtained from different species of flowers and the concentrations were measured using a digital refractometer. The tube length of each flower species and the tongue length of the bees were also measured. The results revealed that flowers preferred by H. itama have high nectar concentrations. The tube lengths of the preferred flowers were between 2.0 and 4.0 mm, which is compatible with the tongue length of the bee. This study revealed that both nectar concentration and flower morphology are important factors for the bees in choosing their food sources. The results from this study will benefit the beekeepers in the identification of flowers that should be planted in their farms to improve stingless bee beekeeping activities. Understanding the relationship between the bees and their flower preferences could also help us to understand the importance of conserving both the bee colonies and the various species of flowering plants to ensure the sustainability of flora and fauna in the ecosystem.

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        Sex before or after blood feeding: Mating activities of Aedes aegypti males under conditions of different densities and female blood feeding opportunities

        Hamady Dieng,Tomomitsu Satho,Fatimah Abang,Erida Wydiamala,Nur Faeza Abu Kassim,Nur Aida Hashim,Wan Fatma Zuharah,Gabriel Tonga Noweg 한국응용곤충학회 2019 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.22 No.1

        Blood feeding and mating are critical behaviors that regulate both mosquito population maintenance and disease transmission. However, our understanding of mosquito mating systems remains incomplete. One of the most critical issues is a lack of understanding regarding how and where males and females encounter one another. This study was performed to investigate changes in key mating behaviors of Ae. aegypti relative to female blood feeding opportunities, taking into account male density. We compared courtship latency and copulation activity between single and pooled males in a range of assays performed in the presence or absence of a blood source and after blood feeding. The time taken by grouped males to initiate courtship in the presence of a host was much shorter than that in single males. There was no significant difference in courtship latency between pooled and single males in the absence of a blood source or after blood feeding. At low male density, the presence of the host and blood meal ingestion provided better conditions for copulation. At high male density, however, copulation activity was decreased after blood feeding, but remained high regardless of the presence or absence of the host. In addition to providing insight into the mating ecology of Aedes aegypti, this study indicated that the presence of a blood source influences how males encounter and copulate with females. The observation that copulation activity decreases after blood feeding when males are numerous provides new avenues for improving mass release programs of sterile mosquitoes.

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