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Nie Wenjuan 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2021 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.45 No.4
Would existing norms be vulnerable to degeneration due to the noncompliance behavior of some members, especially that of norm entrepreneurs? Standard accounts of norm studies focus on the negative influences of norm noncompliance on norm diffusion. This article starts with a critical thinking about norm noncompliance and argues that norm noncompliance, as well as norm compliance, constitutes a normal and necessary part of our social system. It develops hypotheses on why and how norm noncompliance leads to norm diffusion. To illustrate this argument, it takes free trade norms as a case to explore the different attitudes held by the United States, European Union (EU), and China. China has been motivated by US noncompliance behaviors to take the lead in diffusing free trade norms, while the EU tries to prevent China from taking the championship, which combined have promoted the diffusion of free trade norms.
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Yi Chen,Mingyong Xie,Wenjuan Li,Hui Zhang,Shaoping Nie,Yuanxing Wang,Chang Li 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.1
Deproteinization procedure is a fundamental step for analyzing polysaccharide from natural plants. In this study, in the course of refining bioactive polysaccharides from lingzhi (Ganoderma atrum), an effective deproteinization method using lead acetate solution was established by comparing with other available methods. The percentages of deproteinization, polysaccharide loss, and its antioxidant activities loss were used as the index to evaluate and optimize the precipitation experimental conditions. The results showed that the modified method, precipitation with the addition of 0.4-0.52%(w/v) lead acetate, was superior to the others, as evidenced by the highest deproteinization efficiency (88%), as well as the lowest polysaccharide loss (17%). And notably its antioxidant activity also remained good (loss 15%). It provides a simple prefractionation step for the analysis of polysaccharide from natural plants. Polysaccharide isolated by this method is in the native state. Our method may offer a rapid method for removing protein from plant polysaccharides in large scale.
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