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Observation of strong bulk spin-orbit torques in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₃GeTe₂
Franziska Martin,Kyujoon Lee,Maurice Schmitt,Anna Liedtke,Aga Shahee,Haakon Thømt Simensen,Tanja Scholz,Tom G. Saunderson,Dongwook Go,Martin Gradhand,Yuriy Mokrousov,Thibaud Denneulin,Andras Kovacs,Be 한국자기학회 2021 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.31 No.1
The recent emergence of magnetic van der Waals materials allows for the investigation of current induced magnetization manipulation in two dimensional materials. Uniquely, Fe<sub>3</sub>GeTe<sub>2</sub> has a crystalline structure that allows for the presence of bulk spin-orbit torques (SOTs), that we quantify in a Fe<sub>3</sub>GeTe<sub>2</sub> flake. From the symmetry of the measured torques, we identify the current induced effective fields using harmonic analysis and find dominant bulk SOTs, which arise from the symmetry in the crystal structure. Our results show that Fe<sub>3</sub>GeTe<sub>2</sub> uniquely can exhibit bulk SOTs in addition to the conventional interfacial SOTs enabling magnetization modification even in thick single layers without the need for complex multilayer engineering.
Kay Mursch,Martin Scholz,,Wolfgang Brück,Julianne Behnke-Mursch 대한초음파의학회 2017 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.36 No.1
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) helped the surgeon navigate towards the tumor as seen in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and whether IOUS was able to distinguish between tumor margins and the surrounding tissue. Methods: Twenty-five patients suffering from high-grade gliomas who were previously treated by surgery and radiotherapy were included. Intraoperatively, two histopathologic samples were obtained a sample of unequivocal tumor tissue (according to anatomical landmarks and the surgeon’s visual and tactile impressions) and a small tissue sample obtained using a navigated needle when the surgeon decided to stop the resection. This specimen was considered to be a boundary specimen, where no tumor tissue was apparent. The decision to take the second sample was not influenced by IOUS. The effect of IOUS was analyzed semi-quantitatively. Results: All 25 samples of unequivocal tumor tissue were histopathologically classified as tumor tissue and were hyperechoic on IOUS. Of the boundary specimens, eight were hypoechoic. Only one harbored tumor tissue (P=0.150). Seventeen boundaries were moderately hyperechoic, and these samples contained all possible histological results (i.e., tumor, infiltration, or no tumor). Conclusion: During surgery performed on relapsed, irradiated, high-grade gliomas, IOUS provided a reliable method of navigating towards the core of the tumor. At borders, it did not reliably distinguish between remnants or tumor-free tissue, but hypoechoic areas seldom contained tumor tissue.
Structural engineering of nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide by pulse anodization of aluminium.
Lee, Woo,Schwirn, Kathrin,Steinhart, Martin,Pippel, Eckhard,Scholz, Roland,Gö,sele, Ulrich Nature Pub. Group 2008 Nature nanotechnology Vol.3 No.4
<P>Nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide has traditionally been made in one of two ways: mild anodization or hard anodization. The first method produces self-ordered pore structures, but it is slow and only works for a narrow range of processing conditions; the second method, which is widely used in the aluminium industry, is faster, but it produces films with disordered pore structures. Here we report a novel approach termed 'pulse anodization' that combines the advantages of the mild and hard anodization processes. By designing the pulse sequences it is possible to control both the composition and pore structure of the anodic aluminium oxide films while maintaining high throughput. We use pulse anodization to delaminate a single as-prepared anodic film into a stack of well-defined nanoporous alumina membrane sheets, and also to fabricate novel three-dimensional nanostructures.</P>
Nanostructured gold films for SERS by block copolymer-templated galvanic displacement reactions.
Wang, Yong,Becker, Michael,Wang, Li,Liu, Jinquan,Scholz, Roland,Peng, Juan,Gö,sele, Ulrich,Christiansen, Silke,Kim, Dong Ha,Steinhart, Martin American Chemical Society 2009 Nano letters Vol.9 No.6
<P>Up to now, little effort has been made to exploit large-area high-throughput patterning by block copolymer (BCP) lithography to generate nanostructured substrates with periods well below 100 nm for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We show that simple BCP-templated galvanic displacement reactions yield dense arrays of mushroom-shaped gold nanopillars with a period of 50 nm. The nanoporous BCP films used as templates were obtained by swelling-induced reconstruction of reverse micelle monolayers deposited on silicon wafers. Coupling of adjacent mushroom caps almost impinging on each other combined with their strong local curvature results in a high spatial density of hot spots in the narrow gaps between them. Thus, substrates characterized by high SERS efficiencies are obtained.</P>