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Maria Azrad,Robin T. Vollmer,John Madden,Mark Dewhirst,Thomas J. Polascik,Denise C. Snyder,Mack T. Ruffin,Judd W. Moul,Dean E. Brenner,Wendy Demark-Wahnefried 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.4
Enterolactone and enterodiol, mammalian lignans derived from dietary sources such as flaxseed, sesame seeds, kale, broccoli, and apricots, may impede tumor proliferation by inhibiting activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We examined the associations between urinary enterolactone and enterodiol with prostatic tumor expression of NFκB, VEGF, and Ki67 among 147 patients with prostate cancer who participated in a presurgical trial of flaxseed supplementation (30 g/day) for 30 days. Urinary enterolignans and tissue biomarkers were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry, respectively. After supplementation, we observed significant correlations between intakes of plant lignan and urinary concentrations of total enterolignans (ρ=0.677, P<.0001), enterolactone (ρ=0.676, P<.0001), and enterodiol (ρ=0.628, P<.0001). Importantly, we observed that total urinary enterolignans and enterolactone were significantly and inversely correlated with Ki67 in the tumor tissue (ρ=−0.217, P=.011, and ρ=−0.230, P=.007, respectively), and a near-significant inverse association was observed for enterodiol (ρ=−0.159, P=.064). An inverse association was observed between enterolactone and VEGF (ρ=−0.143, P=.141), although this did not reach statistical significance. We did not observe an association between enterolignans and NFκB. In conclusion, flaxseed-derived enterolignans may hinder cancer cell proliferation via VEGF-associated pathways.