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Systematic Genetic Nomenclature for Type VII Secretion Systems
Bitter, Wilbert,Houben, Edith N. G.,Bottai, Daria,Brodin, Priscille,Brown, Eric J.,Cox, Jeffery S.,Derbyshire, Keith,Fortune, Sarah M.,Gao, Lian-Yong,Liu, Jun,Gey van Pittius, Nicolaas C.,Pym, Alexand Public Library of Science 2009 PLoS pathogens Vol.5 No.10
Alternative optical concept for electron cyclotron emission imaging.
Liu, J X,Milbourne, T,Bitter, M,Delgado-Aparicio, L,Dominguez, A,Efthimion, P C,Hill, K W,Kramer, G J,Kung, C,Kubota, S,Kasparek, W,Lu, J,Pablant, N A,Park, H,Tobias, B American Institute of Physics 2014 Review of scientific instruments Vol.85 No.11
<P>The implementation of advanced electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) systems on tokamak experiments has revolutionized the diagnosis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities and improved our understanding of instabilities, which lead to disruptions. It is therefore desirable to have an ECEI system on the ITER tokamak. However, the large size of optical components in presently used ECEI systems have, up to now, precluded the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER. This paper describes a new optical ECEI concept that employs a single spherical mirror as the only optical component and exploits the astigmatism of such a mirror to produce an image with one-dimensional spatial resolution on the detector. Since this alternative approach would only require a thin slit as the viewing port to the plasma, it would make the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER feasible. The results obtained from proof-of-principle experiments with a 125 GHz microwave system are presented.</P>
Toroidal rotation profile structure in KSTAR L-mode plasmas with mixed heating by NBI and ECH
Shi, Y.J.,Ko, S.H.,Kwon, J.M.,Ko, W.H.,Diamond, P.H.,Yi, S.,Ida, K.,Lee, K.D.,Jeong, J.H.,Seo, S.H.,Hahn, S.H.,Yoon, S.W.,Bae, Y.S.,Terzolo, L.,Yun, G.S.,Bitter, M.,Hill, K. IOP 2016 Nuclear fusion Vol.56 No.1
<P>The structure of the toroidal rotation profile with mixed heating by neutral beam injection (NBI) and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) has been investigated in KSTAR L-mode plasmas. ECH with varying resonance layer positions was used for heating a mix control. The experimental results show that ECH causes a counter-current rotation increment both for off-axis and on-axis ECH heating. For L-mode plasmas, off-axis ECH produces larger counter-current rotation than on-axis ECH. Analysis of ion heat and momentum transport for the ECH L-mode plasmas shows that the electron temperature gradient is the main reason for the degradation of ion heat confinement and also the main driving force for the non-diffusive momentum flux. As a possible mechanism for the counter-current intrinsic torque with ECH, the transition of the turbulence mode from ion temperature gradient (ITG) to the trapped electron mode (TEM) with the resulting sign change of turbulence driven residual stress is suggested. A linear gyro-kinetic analysis shows the ITG → TEM transition occurs in a localized region during ECH injection, and the trend of TEM excitation is consistent with the observed macroscopic trend of the toroidal rotation.</P>
Overview of results from the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
Gates, D.A.,Ahn, J.,Allain, J.,Andre, R.,Bastasz, R.,Bell, M.,Bell, R.,Belova, E.,Berkery, J.,Betti, R.,Bialek, J.,Biewer, T.,Bigelow, T.,Bitter, M.,Boedo, J.,Bonoli, P.,Boozer, A.,Brennan, D.,Breslau IOP Publishing 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.10
Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Sabbagh, S.A.,Ahn, J.-W.,Allain, J.,Andre, R.,Balbaky, A.,Bastasz, R.,Battaglia, D.,Bell, M.,Bell, R.,Beiersdorfer, P.,Belova, E.,Berkery, J.,Betti, R.,Bialek, J.,Bigelow, T.,Bitter, M.,Boedo, J.,Bono IOP Publishing 2013 Nuclear fusion. Fusion nucléaire. &n.Illiga Vol.53 No.10