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Experimental Comparison of Five Approximation Algorithms for Minimum Vertex Cover
Imran Khan,Sangeen Khan 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.7 No.6
Numerous approximation algorithms have been presented by researchers for approximation of minimum vertex cover, all of these approaches have deficiencies in one way or another. As minimum vertex cover is NP-Complete so we can’t find out optimal solution so approximation is the way left but it is very hard for someone to decide which one procedure to use, in this comparison paper we have selected five approximation algorithms and have drawn detailed experimental comparison. Best available benchmarks were used for the comparison process which was to compare multiple algorithms for the same task on different aspects. Extensive results have been provided to clarify the selection process, probability of production optimal solutions, run time complexity and approximation ratio were factors involved in the process of selection.
Neonatal Intracranial Ischemia and Hemorrhage : Role of Cranial Sonography and CT Scanning
Khan, Imran Ahmad,Wahab, Shagufta,Khan, Rizwan Ahmad,Ullah, Kkram,Ali, Manazir The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2010 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.47 No.2
Objective : To evaluate the role of cranial sonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic injury in an Indian set-up. Methods : The study included 100 neonates who underwent cranial sonography and computed tomography (CT) in the first month of life for suspected intracranial ischemia and hemorrhage. Two observers rated the images for possible intracranial lesions and a kappa statistic for interobserver agreement was calculated. Results : There was no significant difference in the kappa values of CT and ultrasonography (USG) for the diagnosis of germinal matrix hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH) and periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) and both showed good interobserver agreement. USG, however detected more cases of GMH/IVH (24 cases) and PVL (19) cases than CT (22 cases and 16 cases of IVH and PVL, respectively). CT had significantly better interobserver agreement for the diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic injury (HII) in term infants and also detected more cases (33) as compared to USG (18). CT also detected 6 cases of extraaxial hemorrhages as compared to 1 detected by USG. Conclusion : USG is better modality for imaging preterm neonates with suspected IVH or PVL. However, USG is unreliable in the imaging of term newborns with suspected HII where CT or magnetic resonance image scan is a better modality.
Khan, Ghulam Jilany,Naeem, Hafiza Sadaf,Khan, Sara,Jamshaid, Talha,Sajid, Muhammad Imran,Bashir, Irfan,Jamshaid, Muhammad Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.12
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the gynecological cancers worldwide, especially in developing countries. There are few to no initial symptoms and signs. This study was conducted to assess the awareness level of young Pakistani women about cervical cancer and to educate them about this deadly disease. A detailed questionnaire regarding demographic data and information about cervical cancer was distributed in different cities of Punjab. A total of 873 women took part in this survey and 70.1 percent were totally unaware of this cancer. Only 8.5% of the whole surveyed population knew accurately about cancer of cervix, 7% of the surveyed respondents correctly specified the human papilloma virus as the causative agent. Only 5.2% respondents were able to identify the Pap smear test as a diagnostic measure. Out of all the surveyed population only 4.3% of individuals were found to be vaccinated against this disease and the majority was found from the medical profession. Medical professionals, students, working women, housewives and uneducated individuals took active part in this survey. This study demonstrates a low level of awareness among Pakistani women and a need for an active campaign by media and government to increase understanding as well as introducing measures for improved prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.
Two-Dimensional Magnetic Semiconductor in Feroxyhyte
Khan, Imran,Hashmi, Arqum,Farooq, M. Umar,Hong, Jisang American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.40
<P>A few years ago, it was claimed that the two-dimensional (2D) feroxyhyte (delta-FeOOH) layer could possess a net magnetic moment and it could be applied for potential spintronics applications because it showed a band gap. However, the exact crystal structure is still unknown. Hereby, we investigate the crystal structure, electronic band structure, and magnetic and optical properties of 2D delta-FeOOH using density functional calculations. On the basis of the experimental observation and dynamical stability calculations, we propose that the 2D delta-FeOOH originates from bulk Fe(OH)(2) via oxidation. A perfect antiferromagnetic ground state was observed in the monolayer structure with an indirect band gap of 2.4 eV. On the other hand, the bilayer structure displayed a direct band gap of 0.87 eV, and we obtained a ferrimagnetic state. The net magnetic moment in the bilayer was 1.49 mu(B) per cell. The interlayer distance and film thickness in bilayer delta-FeOOH were 1.68 and 7.37 angstrom, respectively. This interlayer distance was suppressed to 1.47 angstrom in a trilayer system, and the band gap of 1.6 eV was found. The trilayer delta-FeOOH had a film thickness of 11.57 angstrom, and this is comparable to the experimental thickness of 12 angstrom. To compare with the experimental band gap of 2.2 eV obtained from a UV-visible optical spectrum measurement, we also calculated the absorption spectra, and the onset of the absorption peak in the monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer appeared at 3.2, 2.8, and 2.2 eV, respectively. Overall, considering the magnetic state, optical absorption, and film thickness, we propose that the trilayer structure agrees with the experimentally synthesized structure.</P>