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Regional Integration Agreements, Trade Flows and Economic Crisis: A Static and Dynamic Gravity Model
Bassem Kahouli 한국국제경제학회 2016 International Economic Journal Vol.30 No.4
Regional trade agreements (RTA) strengthening is a crucial component of the contemporary global economy. These agreements are considered beneficial in many senses (economics: trade, FDI, growth, etc.) and are a stabilizing factor in international relations (politics). In this paper, I study the effects of RTAs on exports between members and non-members taking into account the Viner specification. I also try to estimate the effect of the recent economic crisis on the export flows and achievement of RTAs. I use a static and dynamic gravity model to 40 countries belonging to 6 heterogeneous RTAs for the period 1980–2011. This model is estimated taking into account the latest estimation techniques that treats endogeneity effects of integration and the existence of dynamic effect.
( Rodes Laetitia ),( Afshan Khan ),( Arghya Paul ),( Michael Coussa Charley ),( Daniel Marinescu ),( Catherine Tomaro Duchesneau ),( Wei Shao ),( Imen Kahouli ),( Satya Prakash ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.4
Gut-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are critical to the development and progression of chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic diseases. In this study, the effects of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on gut-derived lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokine concentrations were evaluated using a human colonic microbiota model. Lactobacillus reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, Bifidobacterium animalis, B. bifidum, B. longum, and B. longum subsp. infantis were identified from the literature for their anti-inflammatory potential. Each bacterial culture was administered daily to a human colonic microbiota model during 14 days. Colonic lipopolysaccharides, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria were quantified. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were stimulated with supernatant from the human colonic microbiota model. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4 cytokines were measured. Lipopolysaccharide concentrations were significantly reduced with the administration of B. bifidum (-46.45 ± 5.65%), L. rhamnosus (-30.40 ± 5.08%), B. longum (-42.50 ± 1.28%), and B. longum subsp. infantis (-68.85 ± 5.32%) (p < 0.05). Cell counts of Gram-negative and positive bacteria were distinctly affected by the probiotic administered. There was a probiotic strain-specific effect on immunomodulatory responses of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. B. longum subsp. infantis demonstrated higher capacities to reduce TNF-α concentrations (-69.41 ± 2.78%; p < 0.05) and to increase IL-4 concentrations (+16.50 ± 0.59%; p < 0.05). Colonic lipopolysaccharides were significantly correlated with TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that specific probiotic bacteria, such as B. longum subsp. infantis, might decrease colonic lipopolysaccharide concentrations, which might reduce the proinflammatory tone. This study has noteworthy applications in the field of biotherapeutics for the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.