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Cranial morphological homogeneity in two subspecies of water deer in China and Korea
KIM, Yung Kun,KOYABU, Daisuke,LEE, Hang,KIMURA, Junpei The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 2015 The Journal of veterinary medical science Vol.77 No.11
<P>The water deer (<I>Hydropotes inermis</I>) has conventionally been classified into two subspecies according to geographic distribution and pelage color pattern: <I>H. i. inermis</I> from China and <I>H. i. argyropus</I> from Korea. However, the results of a recent molecular study have called this into question. To further reappraise this classification, we examined morphological variation in craniodental measurements of these 2 subspecies. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that these 2 subspecies are not well-differentiated, suggesting that individuals of the 2 populations share common morphological traits. Despite the distribution of the subspecies at different latitudes, no clear morphocline was detected, suggesting that Bergmann’s rule does not apply in this case. Discriminant analysis indicated that the characteristics of individuals are shared by both populations, suggesting that not all individuals can be assigned to their original population. Results of principal component analysis showed that the two populations shared more than 75% of individuals, congruent with the “75% rule” of subspecies classification. In both the neighbor-joining and unweighted pair group methods with arithmetic mean cluster analyses, specimens of <I>H. i. argyropus</I> and <I>H. i. inermis</I> were highly mixed within the cladograms. These results suggest that the overall morphological variation in the 2 subspecies overlaps considerably and that there is no coherent craniofacial difference between the 2 groups. The present findings combined with prior observations from molecular biogeography point out that the taxonomic division of water deer into 2 subspecies should be revisited.</P>
Kim, Sang-In,Suzuki, Satoshi,Oh, Jinwoo,Koyabu, Daisuke,Oshida, Tatsuo,Lee, Hang,Min, Mi-Sook,Kimura, Junpei The Society ; Maruzen Co. [distributor] 2012 The Journal of veterinary medical science Vol.74 No.12
<P>We examined sexual dimorphism in the craniodental traits of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides from South Korea. Univariate comparisons of skull (cranium and mandible) and dental measurements revealed a small extent of sexual dimorphism in some measurements. The most indicative dimorphic measurements were the breadths of the upper and lower canines which were around 8% larger in male specimens on average. On the other hand, multivariate analyses using only skull traits showed slightly a clearer separation between sexes than those using only dental ones. This discrepancy may be derived from a higher variability in dental traits than in those of the skull. In conclusion, sexual dimorphism within N. procyonoides of South Korea is present, but was not so pronounced as for other local populations. However, measurements showing significant sexual dimorphism varied between different localities. This suggests that the selective forces acting upon craniodental morphology of each sex vary between populations of the species.</P>