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K.N. Sharafudeen,A. Adithya,S. Vijayakumar,P. Sudheesh,B. Kalluraya,K. Chandrasekharan 한국물리학회 2011 Current Applied Physics Vol.11 No.4
The nonlinear optical characteristics of some organic materials namely coumarin derivatives [3-[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]-2H-chromen-2-one(Cm1) and 3-{(2E)-3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]prop-2-enoyl}-2H-chromen-2-one (Cm2)] doped in a polymer matrix of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have been studied. The Z-scan study on these composite films reveals that the compounds exhibit a self-focusing effect at 532 nm. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index and second-order molecular hyperpolarizability are measured. The optical power limiting experiment is carried out and it is attributed to reverse saturable absorption due to excited state absorption in the samples. This article also reports the enhancement of third-order nonlinearity by substituting with an electron donor group and hence establishes the electronic nature of nonlinearity.
Selvakumar T.,Nataraju B.,Chandrasekharan K.,Sharma S. D.,Balavenkatasubbaiah M.,Sudhakara Rao P.,Thiagarajan V.,Dandin S. B. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2005 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.11 No.1
While observing silkworm larval samples received from field, microsporidian spores formed within the haemocytes of silkworm haemolymph were observed. The spores of microsporidian sp. were purified and characterized for morphological characters viz., size, shape as well as serological affinity with different Nosema spp. (M$_{11}$ and M$_{12}$). The infectivity of the isolated spores to silkworm was also studied. The microsporidian sp. was found to be highly pathogenic to silkworm, B. mori. The isolated microsporidian sp. was designated as NIK-5hm, which formed ovocylindrical spore in the haemocytes of silkworm and differed in spore size (length, 4.55 $\mu$m & width, 2.10 $\mu$m) and shape from Nosema bombycis (NIK-ls), NIK-2r (Nosema sp. Mysore [3.6 & 2.8 $\mu$m]), NIK-3h (Nosema sp. M$_{11}$ [3.8 & 1.8 $\mu$m]), NIK-4m (Nosema sp. M$_{12}$ [5.0 & 2.1 $\mu$m]) and Lb$_{ms}$ (Nosema sp. in Lamerine breed of silkworm [4.36 & 2.14]). In immonological test (Latex agglutination test), the isolated microsporidian spores did not react with antibody sensitized latex particles of N. bombycis, M$_{11}$, M$_{12}$ and Lb$_{ms}$ and thus are different type of microsporidian sp., parasitic to silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
( T. Selvakumar ),( B. Nataraju ),( K. Chandrasekharan ),( S. D. Sharma ),( M. Balavenkatasubbaiah ),( P. Sudhakara Rao ),( V. Thiagarajan ),( S. B. Dandin ) 한국잠사학회 2005 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.11 No.1
While observing silkworm larval samples received from field, microsporidian spores formed within the haemocytes of silkworm haemolymph were observed. The spores of microsporidian sp. were purified and characterized for morphological characters viz., size, shape as well as serological affinity with different Nosema spp. (M11 and M12). The infectivity of the isolated spores to silkworm was also studied. The microsporidian sp. was found to be highly pathogenic to silkworm, B. mori. The isolated microsporidian sp. was designated as NIK-5hm, which formed ovocylindrical spore in the haemocytes of silkworm and differed in spore size (length, 4.55 μm & width, 2.10 μm) and shape from Nosema bombycis (NIK-1s), NIK-2r (Nosema sp. Mysore [3.6 & 2.8 μm]), NIK-3h (Nosema sp. M11 [3.8 & 1.8 μm]), NIK-4m (Nosema sp. M12 [5.0 & 2.1 μm]) and Lb㎳ (Nosema sp. in Lamerine breed of silkworm [4.36 & 2.14]). In immonological test (Latex agglutination test), the isolated microsporidian spores did not react with antibody sensitized latex particles of N. bombycis, M11, M12 and Lb㎳ and thus are different type of microsporidian sp., parasitic to silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Systemic Fungicide Application for the Control of White Muscardine in Silkworm Rearing
Dutta, Monalisa,Nataraju, B.,Sharma, S.D.,Chandrasekharan, K. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2003 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.6 No.1
Among silkworm diseases, white muscardine is the most virulent and contagious disease caused by Beauveria bassiana and common during winter and rainy seasons. The disease is managed at present by practicing the silkworm body and rearing seat disinfection to prevent the spread of white muscardine during silkworm rearing as the available methods do not cure the silkworms against white muscardine. The use of systemic fungicide was suggested recently to control white muscardine. The present study investigated the practicability of application aspect of systemic fungicide as spray, It is observed that 3 times feeding of systemic fungicide through mulberry leaf, fed immediately after third, fourth moult and on $4^{th}$ day of final instar as most effective in suppressing the multiplication of the fungus in silkworm. Spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in the rearing house, air-dried and feeding was suggested as suitable application method. Alternately the spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in mulberry garden 6 hrs prior to feeding was also suggested as a method for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing.
Serichlor, A New Disinfectant in Indian Sericulture
Balavenkatasubbaiah M.,Nataraju B.,Sharma S.D.,Selvakumar T.,Chandrasekharan K.,Rao P. Sudhakara Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2006 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.12 No.1
Silkworm diseases are better prevented than cured. Disinfection and hygiene are the two important aspects in silkworm rearing to prevent the diseases. Suitable disinfectant is the primary need to disinfect the rearing house, its surroundings and appliances to eliminate the persistent pathogens from the rearing environment. In this direction, Serichlor, a new disinfectant in Indian Sericulture marketed as Serichlor-60 (contains 60,000 ppm of chlorine dioxide) and Serichlor-20 (contains 20,000 ppm of chlorine dioxide) has been evaluated for its germicidal effect against the pathogens of silkworm, viz., spores of Nosema bombycis, Bacillus thuringiensis, polyhedra of BmNPV and conidia of Beauveria bassiana both in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that high concentration (2,500 ppm of chlorine dioxide) is required to kill all the pathogens at 100% level. The efficacy of the Serichlor was greatly enhanced by the addition of 0.5% slaked lime solution. 500 ppm of chlorine dioxide in 0.5% slaked lime solution was found effective against all the pathogens tested. This concentration of disinfectant was also found effective for disinfection of rearing house, rearing appliances and silkworm egg surface. The disinfectant is stable, non hazardous, least corrosive and most suitable for Indian Sericulture.