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Studies of Extraction Techniques for Tea Volatile Compounds
Juan-Zhen Ni,Fang-Li Zhao,Jian Liang Lu,Xin-Qiang Zheng 한국차학회 2015 한국차학회지 Vol.- No.S
Hundred of kinds of volatiles have been found in tea products. Their characters are in low amounts, complex composition, volatile and unstable. Volatiles extraction process would easily give rise to oxidation or other numbers of physical and chemical reactions. Ten kinds of extraction techniques commonly used for tea volatile compounds are described in present paper, namely Brewed extraction, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, Adsorptive column method, Organic solvents extraction, Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), Steam distillation under reduced pressure (SDR), Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), Simultaneous multiple solid-phase, and Dynamic headspace extraction (DHE). For extracting tea volatiles, each of these techniques has advantages and limitation. Some proposals were provided for selecting a favorable extraction method for tea volatile compounds.
Chao Du,Ju-Hua Ni,Ya-Qiong Jin,Jun-Juan Qi,Zhen-Xing Ji,Shu-Yan Li,Guo-Shun An,Hong-Ti Jia 한국분자세포생물학회 2012 Molecules and cells Vol.34 No.2
MyoD and myogenin (Myog) recognize sets of distinct but overlapping target genes and play different roles in skeletal muscle differentiation. MyoD is sufficient for near-full expression of early targets, while Myog can only partially enhance expression of MyoD-initiated late muscle genes. However, the way in which Myog enhances the expression of MyoD-initiated late muscle genes remains unclear. Here, we examine the effects of Myog on chromatin remodeling at late muscle gene promoters and their activation within chromatin environment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that Myog selectively bound to the regulatory sequences of late muscle genes. Overexpres-sion of Myog was found to overcome sodium butyrate-inhibited chromatin at late muscle genes in differ-entiating C2C12 myoblasts, shifting the transcriptional activation of these genes to an earlier time period. Furthermore, overexpression of Myog led to increased hyperacetylation of core histone H4 in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts but not NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and hyperacetylated H4 was associated directly with the late muscle genes in differentiating C2C12, indicating that Myog can induce chromatin remodeling in the presence of MyoD. In addition, co-immunopre-cipitation (CoIP) revealed that Myog was associated with the nuclear protein Brd4 in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Together, these results suggest that Myog enhances the expression of MyoD-initiated late muscle genes through MyoD-dependent ability of Myog to induce chromatin remodeling, in which Myog-Brd4 interaction may be involved.