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1
Stochastic Frontier Analysis를 이용한 제약회사의 효율성과 그 결정요인분석

사공진 ( Jin Sakong ),김정규 ( Jeongkyu Kim ) 한국보건행정학회 2015 보건행정학회지 Vol.25 No.2
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  ScienceON
  
  KISS
Background: In 2012, Ministry of Health and Welfare announced 5-year plan of the development of the pharmaceutical industry, which pointed out the problems of the pharmaceutical industry as the insufficient investment in research and development (R&D) and the unfair business practice, and suggested the technological innovation, market transparency and nurturing global enterprises as solutions. It is quite interesting to study which factors determine the efficiency of the pharmaceutical firms. Methods: To estimate the efficiency of the pharmaceutical firms and the determinants of their efficiency, methods of the stochastic frontier analysis and the panel study are applied to the data of 60 domestic pharmaceutical firms from 2006 to 2012. The efficiency is derived by the distance between the decision making units and the most efficient frontier curve. Results: First, the result of the stochastic frontier analysis shows that overall efficiency of the pharmaceutical firms is increasing as time goes by. If classified by the scale, the larger firms show higher efficiency and if classified by the degree of innovation, the innovative firms show higher efficiency compared to the less-innovative ones. Second, the result of estimation of the determinants of efficiency shows that the firms with larger expenses of the sales promotion and the entertainment, show lower efficiency. Conclusion: The first result implies that the scale of the firm and the investment in R&D explain the efficiency of the pharmaceutical firms. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the investment on the fundamental researches to vitalize R&D of the new drugs. The second result can be explained by the structural characteristics of the small pharmaceutical firms which produce generic drugs. Therefore, the government tries to make the pharmaceutical firms to optimize of the expenses of the sales promotion and the entertainment, and to increase R&D with the policies such as to boost up the R&D investment and to prohibit rebates, etc.
2
Clinical Significance of the Number of Depressive Symptoms in Major Depressive Disorder: Results from the CRESCEND Study

Park, Seon-Cheol,Sakong, Jeongkyu,Koo, Bon Hoon,Kim, Jae-Min,Jun, Tae-Youn,Lee, Min-Soo,Kim, Jung-Bum,Yim, Hyeon-Woo,Park, Yong Chon The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2016 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.31 No.4
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Our study aimed to establish the relationship between the number of depressive symptoms and the clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD). This would enable us to predict the clinical significance of the number of depressive symptoms in MDD patients. Using data from the Clinical Research Center for Depression (CRESCEND) study in Korea, 853 patients with DSM-IV MDD were recruited. The baseline and clinical characteristics of groups with different numbers of depressive symptoms were compared using the χ2 test for discrete variables and covariance (ANCOVA) for continuous variables. In addition, the scores of these groups on the measurement tools were compared by ANCOVA after adjusting the potential effects of confounding variables. After adjusting the effects of monthly income and history of depression, a larger number of depressive symptoms indicated higher overall severity of depression (F [4, 756] = 21.458, P < 0.001) and higher levels of depressive symptoms (F [4, 767] = 19.145, P < 0.001), anxiety symptoms (F [4, 765] = 12.890, P < 0.001) and suicidal ideation (F [4, 653] = 6.970, P < 0.001). It also indicated lower levels of social function (F [4, 760] = 13.343, P < 0.001), and quality of life (F [4, 656] = 11.975, P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in alcohol consumption (F [4, 656] = 11.975, P < 0.001). The number of depressive symptoms can be used as an index of greater illness burden in clinical psychiatry.
3
Distinctive Clinical Correlates of Psychotic Major Depression: The CRESCEND Study

SeonCheol Park,HwaYoung Lee,JeongKyu Sakong,TaeYoun Jun,MinSoo Lee,JaeMin Kim,JungBum Kim,HyeonWoo Yim,YongChon Park 대한신경정신의학회 2014 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.11 No.3
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  KCI
  
  스콜라
Objective-The purpose of this investigation was to identify distinctive clinical correlates of psychotic major depression (PMD) as compared with non-psychotic major depression (NPMD) in a large cohort of Korean patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods-We recruited 966 MDD patients of age over 18 years from the Clinical Research Center for Depression of South Korea (CRESCEND) study. Diagnoses of PMD (n=24) and NPMD (n=942) were made with the DSM-IV definitions and confirmed with SCID. Psychometric scales were used to assess overall psychiatric symptoms (BPRS), depression (HAMD), anxiety (HAMA), global severity (CGI-S), suicidal ideation (SSI-Beck), functioning (SOFAS), and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF). Using independent t-tests and χ2 tests, we compared clinical characteristics of patients with PMD and NPMD. A binary logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors independently associated with increased likelihood of PMD. Results-PMD subjects were characterized by a higher rate of inpatient enrollment, and higher scores on many items on BPRS (somatic concern, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, tension, depression, suspiciousness, hallucination, motor retardation, blunted affect and excitement) global severity (CGI-s), and suicidal ideation (SSI-Beck). The explanatory factor model revealed that high levels of tension, excitement, and suicidal ideation were associated with increased likelihood of PMD. Conclusion-Our findings partly support the view that PMD has its own distinctive clinical manifestation and course, and may be considered a diagnostic entity separate from NPMD.