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2세기 그리스도교 철학자로서의 유스티누스 -초기 그리스도교와 플라톤 철학의 관계에 대한 유스티누스의 이해-
김형수 ( Kim¸ Hyoungsoo ) 한국가톨릭철학회 2021 가톨릭철학 Vol.- No.37
초기 그리스도교는 자신의 교의를 이교인들에게 설명하기 위한 적합한 어휘들을 필요로 했으며, 그리스 철학의 개념들은 이러한 필요를 보충해 주었다. 특히 유스티누스는 당시 플라톤 철학이 신적 진리를 반영하는 일부 요소들을 포함하고 있기 때문에 그리스 도교에 포섭될 수 있다고 보았으며, 그리스도교를 해명하는데 있어서 이들 철학자들의 증언들을 기꺼이 끌어들인다. 우선 유스티누스는 모든 인간 안에 신적인 요소인 ‘종자적 로고스’를 통해서 철학과 그리스도교 계시를 연결한다. 신적인 로고스는 한편으로는 철학자들에 의해서 결함이 있는 방식으로, 다른 한편으로는 로고스 자체인 그리스도 안의 계시 역사 안에 있는 그리스도인들에 의해서 온전하고 완전하게 인식된다. 더 나아가서 유스티누스에게 플라톤주의는 비가시적인 실재와 초자연적인 세계에 대한 믿음의 가능성을 보여준 가장 종교적 형태의 철학이었다. 그러한 의미에서 유스티누스는 많은 부분에서 플라톤 구절들을 인용하지만 특정한 의미에서 해석한다. 유스티누스에게서 플라톤의 철학은 그리스 도교로 향하는 참된 철학으로 여겨졌다. 이렇게 플라톤적 사유는 그리스도교 계시에 의해 수정되고 성취된다는 점에서 유스티누스는 그리스도교 플라톤주의자이다. 더 나아가서 부분적인 진리를 지니는 그리스 철학과는 달리 그리스도교 철학은 진리 전체를 지니고 있다는 점을 주장한다는 점에서 유스티누스는 그리스도교 철학자이다. 결국 유스티누스에게 있어서 그리스도교는 철학들 가운데 하나의 철학이나 최고의 철학이 아니라, 원래의 태곳적 철학을 재구성한 ‘유일한 철학’이다. Early Christianity needed appropriate vocabulary to explain its doctrine to the pagans, and concepts of Greek philosophy supplemented this need. In particular, Justin saw that Plato’s philosophy at that time contained some elements that reflected divine truth, so that it could be included in Christianity, and he was willing to take the testimonies of these philosophers in clarifying Christianity. First of all, Justin connects philosophy and Christian revelation through “Logos Spermatikos,” a divine element in all human beings. While the divine logos is perceived in a flawed way by philosophers, it is fully and completely recognized by Christians in the history of revelation in Christ, the logos itself. Furthermore, for Justin, Platonism was the most religious form of philosophy that showed the possibility of belief in an invisible reality and a supernatural world. In that sense, Justin quotes Plato verses in many places, but interprets them in a specific sense. Furthermore, Justin is a Christian philosopher in that it argues that, unlike Greek philosophy, which has partial truth, Christian philosophy has the whole truth. After all, for Justin, Christianity is not one of the philosophies or the supreme philosophy, but “the only philosophy” that reconstructs the original epoch-making philosophy.
Spontaneous Marangoni Mixing of Miscible Liquids at a Liquid–Liquid–Air Contact Line
Kim, Hyoungsoo,Lee, Jeongsu,Kim, Tae-Hong,Kim, Ho-Young American Chemical Society 2015 Langmuir Vol.31 No.31
<P>We investigate the flow patterns created when a liquid drop contacts a reservoir liquid, which has implications on various physicochemical and biochemical reactions including mixing in microfluidic systems. The localized vortical flow spontaneously triggered by the difference of surface tension between the two liquids is studied, which is thus termed the Marangoni vortex. To quantitatively investigate the strength of vortices, we performed particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments by varying the surface tension difference, the gap of the flow cell, the density and viscosity of the reservoir liquid, and the size of the drop. A scaling law that balances the interfacial energy of the system with the kinetic energy of the vortical flows allows us to understand the functional dependence of the Marangoni vortex strength on various experimental parameters.</P>
액체-액체-기체 3상 접촉선에서의 와류에 의한 혼합 가시화
김태홍(Tae-Hong Kim),김형수(Hyoungsoo Kim),김승호(Seungho Kim),김호영(Ho-Young Kim) 한국가시화정보학회 2012 한국가시화정보학회지 Vol.10 No.3
Although the motion of the three-phase contact line on a solid substrate has been extensively studied thus far, the understanding of the dynamics of the contact line of liquid/liquid/gas phases is far from complete. Here we deposit a drop of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on water and HFE-7100 whose free surfaces are exposed to air to observe the flow field around the contact line. By combining the shadowgraph and high-speed imaging techniques, we find that vortices are spontaneously generated at the contact line, which grow in size with time. The flow is attributed to the Marangoni stress that pulls a liquid of lower-surface tension toward a liquid surface having a higher surface tension. However, it is not still clear why the entrained lower-surface-tension liquid should whirl rapidly beneath the contact line. We also visualize the flow by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) to find out that the rotational velocity reaches the order of 1 mm/s near the free surface.
Direct measurement of selective evaporation of binary mixture droplets by dissolving materials
Kim, Hyoungsoo,Stone, Howard A. Cambridge University Press 2018 Journal of fluid mechanics Vol.850 No.-
<P>We investigate experimentally and theoretically how a droplet of a binary mixture evaporates when placed on a solid substrate. Our focus is the limit at which the two liquid components have different vapour pressures. Using physicochemical effects, we directly visualize the selective evaporation of the more volatile component and so document the space and time dependence of the chemical distribution in the droplet. In particular, we observe that a mixture consisting of an organic solvent and deionized water dissolves suspended fluorescent polystyrene particles if the lower volatility organic solvent reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, we show that for a small contact angle ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}<\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$) the suspended polystyrene particles begin to disappear from near the contact line, which indicates that the volatile component, here water, evaporates rapidly compared to the other component(s). Finally, we show that a diffusion-dominated model for evaporation of a binary mixture can predict well the experimental results where convective and diffusive mixing effects are negligible, in which case there is significant chemical segregation in the drop.</P>
Design and Analysis of CMOS T/R Switches With the Impedance Transformation Technique
Kim, Hyun-Woong,Ahn, Minsik,Lee, Ockgoo,Kim, Hyungwook,Yoon, Youngchang,Kim, Hyoungsoo,Lee, Chang-Ho,Laskar, Joy THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 2017 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS Vol.27 No.12
<P>We present a 1.9-GHz high-power-handling complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transmit/ receive (T/R) switch with the impedance transformation technique (ITT). The losses of the T/R switch, including matching networks, are analyzed, and the design method for the selection of an optimal switch operating impedance (RSW) is presented. The proposed T/R switch is implemented in a standard 0.18-mu m CMOS process. Experimental data show that the proposed design achieves more than 2 W of power-handling capability.</P>
Kim, Hyoungsoo,Belmiloud, Naser,Mertens, Paul W. The Korean Society of Visualization 2016 한국가시화정보학회지 Vol.14 No.2
We investigate an internal flow pattern of an evaporating droplet where the contact line non-uniformly recedes. By using tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry, we observe a three-dimensional azimuthal vortex pair that is maintained until the droplet is completely dried. The non-uniformly receding contact line motion breaks the flow symmetry. Finally, a simplified scaling model presents that the mechanical stress along the contact line is proportional to the vorticity magnitude, which is validated by the experimental results.
Solutal Marangoni flows of miscible liquids drive transport without surface contamination
Kim, Hyoungsoo,Muller, Koen,Shardt, Orest,Afkhami, Shahriar,Stone, Howard A. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 2017 NATURE PHYSICS Vol.13 No.11
Mixing and spreading of different liquids are omnipresent in nature, life and technology, such as oil pollution on the sea, estuaries, food processing, cosmetic and beverage industries, lab-on-a-chip devices, and polymer processing. However, the mixing and spreading mechanisms for miscible liquids remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that a fully soluble liquid drop deposited on a liquid surface remains as a static lens without immediately spreading and mixing, and simultaneously a Marangoni-driven convective flow is generated, which are counterintuitive results when two liquids have different surface tensions. To understand the dynamics, we develop a theoretical model to predict the finite spreading time and length scales, the Marangoni-driven convection flow speed, and the finite timescale to establish the quasi-steady state for the Marangoni flow. The fundamental understanding of this solutal Marangoni flow may enable driving bulk flows and constructing an effective drug delivery and surface cleaning approach without causing surface contamination by immiscible chemical species.