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Modelling the Effect of Climate Change on the Wave Climate of the World’s Oceans
Erik Vanem,Arne Bang Huseby,Bent Natvig 한국해양과학기술원 2012 Ocean science journal Vol.47 No.2
This paper analyses the trends and the future projections of significant wave height in several ocean areas at different parts of the world. It uses a stochastic Bayesian hierarchical space-time model, with a regression component with atmospheric levels of CO2 as covariates in order to estimate the expected long-term trends and make future projections towards the year 2100. The model was initially developed for an area in the North Atlantic ocean, and has been found to perform reasonably well there, and it is now investigated how the model performs for other ocean areas. 11 new ocean areas have been analysed with the model, and this paper presents the results pertaining to the estimated long-term trends and future projections of monthly maximum significant wave height for each of the 12 ocean areas.
Affinity for self antigen selects T<sub>reg</sub> cells with distinct functional properties
Wyss, Lena,Stadinski, Brian D,King, Carolyn G,Schallenberg, Sonja,McCarthy, Nicholas I,Lee, Jun Young,Kretschmer, Karsten,Terracciano, Luigi M,Anderson, Graham,Surh, Charles D,Huseby, Eric S,Palmer, E Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2016 NATURE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.17 No.9
<P>The manner in which regulatory T cells (T-reg cells) control lymphocyte homeostasis is not fully understood. We identified two T-reg cell populations with differing degrees of self-reactivity and distinct regulatory functions. We found that GITR(hi)PD-1(hi)CD25(hi) (Triple(hi)) T-reg cells were highly self-reactive and controlled lympho-proliferation in peripheral lymph nodes. GITR(lo)PD-1(lo)CD25(lo) (Triple(lo)) T-reg cells were less self-reactive and limited the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of CD4(+) T-conv cells into induced T-reg cells (iT(reg) cells). Although Foxp3-deficient (Scurfy) mice lacked T-reg cells, they contained Triple(hi)-like and Triple(lo)-like CD4(+) T cells with distinct pathological properties. Scurfy Triple(hi)CD4(+) T cells infiltrated the skin, whereas Scurfy. Triple(lo)CD4(+) T cells induced colitis and wasting disease. These findings indicate that the affinity of the T cell antigen receptor for self antigen drives the differentiation of T-reg cells into distinct subsets with non-overlapping regulatory activities.</P>