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Heintze,Siegward D. 大韓小兒齒科學會 1994 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.21 No.2
Ideally, an orthodontic treatment in itself is a measure to prevent caries and periodontal diseases. Unfavorable anatomic conditions, such as crowded teeth, make oral hygiene difficult and lead to increased plaque accumulation which may contribute to the development of carious lesions and periodontal diseases. An othodontic correction of malalignments may substantially facilitate oral hygiene. On the other hand, an orthodontic treatment especially with fixed appliances is always combined with an increased challenge to dental hard as well as periodontal tissues. Such appliances created not only new retention sites and augment plaque accumulation, but also involve a differentiation of this plaque to a more cariogenic resp. periodontopathic one. Under these conditions, mutans streptococci as well as lactobacilli or anaerobic periodontal bacteria may quickly proliferate. Only one month after the fixation of a bracket, enamel may already be demineralized under those plaque layers. Frequently, orthodontists observe white spot lesions after debonding which are especially located cervically to the attachments. Incorrect bonding of the attachments that creates e.g. composite excess on unetched enamel contribute to the development of carious lesions, too. Another problem are gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia which do often occur during orthodontic treatment and make oral hygiene more difficult. However, both caries and periodontal problems are not an accidental or inevitable event. Orthodontists must evaluate to what extent the intended intervention is putting risks to the biotope oral cavity, and disturbing the sensitive balance between defending and attacking factors. Only by knowing the risks and assessing them, an adequate prophylaxis as well as therapy concept can be established. Thus a sensible prevention already starts long before the orthodontic treatment, in the phase of consultation and treatment planning. By means of microbiological tests and relying on his own experience, the orthodonist has to evaluate caries risk and in the adult, additionally, periodontal risk factors which has to be diminished by adequate tools, if necessary. A strong agent in reducing pathogenic bacteria is chlorhexidine which is available as mouthrinse, gel, and varnish, In any case, patients must be instructed to a perfect oral hygiene which includes not only toothbrush but also interdental brush, and dental floss. New electric toothbrushes can support him in this task. For motivation and surveillance of patient's compliance, a special Ortho-Plaque-Index was developed. Patients who continuously exhibit poor oral hygiene or suffer a rapidly progressive periodontal disease should be excluded from tratment. It goes without saying that carious lesions and active peridontal pockets has to be adequately treated before orthodontic treatment starts. The most severe hazard for dental hard and periodontal tissues is the period from the day of insertion of the appliance until four months after debonding. Even in good oral hygiene an increased plaque accumulation is observed. Thus, prophylactic care must be very intensive during the active phase of treatment. A regular professional tooth cleaning whose intervals are depending on the patient's risk as well as the topical application of fluorides are further corner-stones in prophylaxis which has to be continued after the active treatment, too. Thus, combining risk assessment with specific preventive-therapeutical intervention for teeth at risk and putting emphasis on motivation and instruction, at orthodontist together with his prophylactic team may well minimize the side effects of the treatment, satisfy the patient, and generate a prophylactic memory which may have sustained effects beyond the orthodontic treatment.
Kevin Heintz,노영훈,Jonghwan Lee 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2022 Science Editing Vol.9 No.1
Purpose: Wordvice AI Proofreader is a recently developed web-based artificial intelligencedriven text processor that provides real-time automated proofreading and editing of user-input text. It aims to compare its accuracy and effectiveness to expert proofreading by human editors and two other popular proofreading applications—automated writing analysis tools of Google Docs, and Microsoft Word. Because this tool was primarily designed for use by academic authors to proofread their manuscript drafts, the comparison of this tool’s efficacy to other tools was intended to establish the usefulness of this particular field for these authors. Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of proofreading completed by the Wordvice AI Proofreader, by experienced human academic editors, and by two other popular proofreading applications. The number of errors accurately reported and the overall usefulness of the vocabulary suggestions was measured using a General Language Evaluation Understanding metric and open dataset comparisons. Results: In the majority of texts analyzed, the Wordvice AI Proofreader achieved performance levels at or near that of the human editors, identifying similar errors and offering comparable suggestions in the majority of sample passages. The Wordvice AI Proofreader also had higher performance and greater consistency than that of the other two proofreading applications evaluated. Conclusion: We found that the overall functionality of the Wordvice artificial intelligence proofreading tool is comparable to that of a human proofreader and equal or superior to that of two other programs with built-in automated writing evaluation proofreaders used by tens of millions of users: Google Docs and Microsoft Word.
Permeability enhancement of Escherichia coli by single-walled carbon nanotube treatment
Mosleh, A.,Heintz, A.,Lim, K. T.,Kim, J. W.,Beitle, R. American Institute of Chemical Engineers 2017 Biotechnology progress Vol.33 No.3
<P>This research investigated the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as an additive to increase the permeability of a bacterial cell wall. Recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) that expressed beta-lactamase were exposed to SWNTs under various levels of concentration and agitation. Activity of beta-lactamase in the culture fluid and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the amount of released protein, and visually examine the permeability enhancement of the cells. It was found that beta-lactamase release in the culture fluid occurred in a dose-dependent manner with treatment by SWNTs and was also dependent on agitation rate. Based on TEM, this treatment successfully caused an increase in permeability without significant damage to the cell wall. Consequently, SWNTs can be used as an enhancement agent to cause the release of intracellular proteins. (C) 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers</P>