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A distinct functional distribution of α and γ motoneurons in the rat trigeminal motor nucleus
Morita-Isogai, Yukako,Sato, Hajime,Saito, Mitsuru,Kuramoto, Eriko,Yin, Dong Xu,Kaneko, Takeshi,Yamashiro, Takashi,Takada, Kenji,Oh, Seog Bae,Toyoda, Hiroki,Kang, Youngnam Springer-Verlag 2017 BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Vol.222 No.7
<P>Gamma-motoneurons (gamma MNs) play a crucial role in regulating isometric muscle contraction. The slow jaw-closing during mastication is one of the most functional isometric contractions, which is developed by the rank-order recruitment of alpha-motoneurons (alpha MNs) in a manner that reflects the size distribution of alpha MNs. In a mouse spinal motor nucleus, there are two populations of small and large MNs; the former was identified as a population of gamma MNs based on the positive expression of the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor 3 (Err3) and negative expression of the neuronal DNA-binding protein NeuN, and the latter as that of alpha MNs based on the opposite pattern of immunoreactivity. However, the differential identification of alpha MNs and gamma MNs in the trigeminal motor nucleus (TMN) remains an assumption based on the size of cell bodies that were retrogradely stained with HRP. We here examined the size distributions of alpha MNs and gamma MNs in the dorsolateral TMN (dl-TMN) by performing immunohistochemistry using anti-Err3 and anti-NeuN antibodies. The dl-TMN was identified by immunopositivity for vesicular glutamate transporter-1. Immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase and Err3/NeuN revealed that the dl-TMN is composed of 65% alpha MNs and 35% gamma MNs. The size distribution of alpha MNs was bimodal, while that of gamma MNs was almost the same as that of the population of small alpha MNs , suggesting the presence of alpha MNs as small as gamma MNs. Consistent with the size concept of motor units, the presence of smaller jaw-closing alpha MNs was coherent with the inclusion of jaw-closing muscle fibers with smaller diameters compared to limb muscle fibers.</P>
Ochiai, Satoru,Nomoto, Yoshihito,Yamashita, Yasufumi,Watanabe, Yui,Toyomasu, Yutaka,Kawamura, Tomoko,Takada, Akinori,Ii, Noriko,Kobayashi, Shigeki,Sakuma, Hajime Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.2
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain neoplasm. The current standard therapy for GBM consists of maximal surgical resection within safe limits, followed by radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis of GBM remains poor. Epileptic seizure is one of the most common symptoms in patients with GBM. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, is often used as an anti-epileptic drug in patients with brain neoplasms due to its effectiveness and low toxicity profile. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that VPA has radiosensitizing effects for gliomas and radioprotective influence on normal brain tissue or hippocampal neurons. The results of several retrospective studies have also indicated potential benefit to improve survival of patients with GBM. Moreover, the promising treatment results of a phase 2 trial of concurrent radiation therapy, temozolomide, and VPA for patients with GBM have been recently reported. The use of VPA in patients with GBM has thus recently receiving more attention. In this article, we review the role of VPA in radiation therapy for GBM, focusing on the clinical evidence.
Ochiai, Satoru,Nomoto, Yoshihito,Kobayashi, Shigeki,Yamashita, Yasufumi,Watanabe, Yui,Toyomasu, Yutaka,Kawamura, Tomoko,Takada, Akinori,II, Noriko,Sakuma, Hajime Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.4
Prostate cancer is the secondary most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. Although numerous prospective randomized trial have been conducted to guide the management of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer, few clinical trials targeting node-positive prostate cancer have been reported. Therefore, there are still controversies in the optimal management of node-positive prostate cancer. Recently, efficacy of multimodality treatment, including radiation therapy (RT), for such patients has been reported in several articles. The results indicate potential benefit of RT both in adjuvant therapy after prostatectomy and in definitive therapy for node-positive prostate cancer. The aim in this article was to summarize the current evidence for RT and evaluate the role in multimodality treatment for patients with node-positive prostate cancer.