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Shon, Z.-H.,Madronich, S.,Song, S.-K.,Flocke, F. M.,Knapp, D. J.,Anderson, R. S.,Shetter, R. E.,Cantrell, C. A.,Hall, S. R.,Tie, X. Copernicus GmbH 2008 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.8 No.23
<P>Abstract. The NO-NO2 system was analyzed in different chemical regimes/air masses based on observations of reactive nitrogen species and peroxy radicals made during the intensive field campaign MIRAGE-Mex (4 to 29 March 2006). The air masses were categorized into 5 groups based on combinations of macroscopic observations, geographical location, meteorological parameters, models, and observations of trace gases: boundary layer (labeled as 'BL'), biomass burning ('BB'), free troposphere (continental, 'FTCO' and marine, 'FTMA'), and Tula industrial complex ('TIC'). In general, NO2/NO ratios in different air masses are near photostationary state. Analysis of this ratio can be useful for testing current understanding of tropospheric chemistry. The ozone production efficiency (OPE) for the 5 air mass categories ranged from 4.5 (TIC) to 8.5 (FTMA), consistent with photochemical aging of air masses exiting the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. </P>
Blake, Nicola J.,Blake, Donald R.,Wingenter, Oliver W.,Sive, Barkley C.,Kang, Chang Hee,Thornton, Donald C.,Bandy, Alan R.,Atlas, Elliot,Flocke, Frank,Harris, Joyce M.,Rowland, F. Sherwood 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2000 基礎科學硏究 Vol.13 No.1
Canister sampling for the determination of atmospheric mixing ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC_(S)), selected halocarbons, and methyl nitrate was conducted aboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft over the Pacific and Southern Oceans as part of the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) during November and December 1995. A latitudinal profile, flown from 76˚N to 60˚S, revealed latitudinal gradients for most trace gases NMHC and halocarbon gases with predominantly anthropogenic sources, including ethane, erhyne, and tetrachloroethene, exhibited significantly higher mixing ratios in the northern hemisphere at all altitudes. Methyl chloride exhibited its lowest mixing ratios at the highest northern hemisphere latitudes, and the distributions of methyl nitrate and methyl iodide were consistent with tropical and subtropical oceanic sources. Layers containing continental air characteristic of aged biomass burning emissions were observed above about 3km over the remote southern Pacific and near New Zealand between approximately 19˚S and 43˚S. These plumes originated from the west, possibly from fires in southern Africa. The month-Ion, intensive investigation of the clean marine southern midlatitude troposphere south of Australia revealed decreases in the mixing ratios of ethane, ethyne, propane, and tetrachloroethene, consistent with their seasonal mixing ratio cycle. By contrast, increases in the average marine boundary layer concentrations cf methyl iodide, methyl nitrate, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were observed as the season progressed to summer conditions. These increases were most appreciable i n the region south of 44˚S over Southern Ocean waters characterized as subantaretic and polar, indicating a seasonal increase in oceanic productivity for these gases.
Predictors of Decreased Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors Five Years After Diagnosis
Saskia-Laureen Herbert,Felix Flock,Ricardo Felberbaum,Wolfgang Janni,Sanja Löb,Matthias Kiesel,Tanja Schlaiß,Joachim Diessner,Carolin Curtaz,Ralf Joukhadar,Davut Dayan,Lukas Schwentner,Susanne Singer 한국유방암학회 2023 Journal of breast cancer Vol.26 No.3
Purpose: Due to improved therapy, early diagnosis, and growing incidence rates, the number of long-term breast cancer survivors is increasing. Survivors can still be affected by aftercare, resulting in reduced quality of life (QoL). Thus, in this study, we investigated possible predictors of decreased physical and social functioning in breast cancer survivors. Methods: In a German multicenter prospective study, we enrolled 759 female patients with breast cancer before surgery (t1), and contacted them again 5 years after surgery (t4). Data on QoL were assessed at t4 using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and its breast cancer module EORTC QLQ-BR23. Predictors of decreased physical and social functioning were analyzed using logistic regression with odds ratios as effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Thresholds for the clinical importance of detrimental effects on QoL were defined according to Giesinger. Results: Questionnaires from 759 patients were retrieved at t1. Of these, 456 participated in the study at t4. Poor QoL 5 years after diagnosis was reported by 20%–50% of the participants. Age, mastectomy, chemotherapy, education, employment, cohabitation, psychiatric comorbidities at t1, anxiety, depression, and intensity of physical activity emerged as predictors of decreased physical and social functioning 5 years after diagnosis. Conclusion: Relief of symptoms and improvement in the QoL should be priorities in aftercare. Detecting patients with a decreased QoL is a rising challenge. Healthcare providers should take special care of patients aged 50–59 years, patients with psychiatric comorbidities and depression, and patients who have undergone mastectomy.