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Research on the Entrainment of Path Material by the Granular Flow
Yunyun Fan,Fengyuan Wu,Ming Li,Li Liang 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.23 No.12
The experiment and numerical simulation were used to study the entrainment of path material by the granular flow. The effects of several factors on the entrainment were observed through the experiment. Research results show that when the granular flow passes on the loose material, the entrainment and deposition occur simultaneously. The final mass reduction in the entrainment area is a comprehensive performance of the entrainment and deposition. In general, the mass reduction in the entrainment area is directly proportional to the relative position of the source area and inversely proportional to the length of the entrainment area. The longer the entrainment area, the stronger the retarding effect on the granular flow. Within the ability of the entrainment area to support grains, the deposition mass increases as the mass of the material from the source area increases. The numerical results show that the entrainment mainly passes through three main stages. In the first stage, the shear friction and collision between grains form a limited entrainment. In the second stage, the granular flow mainly scales up the entrainment by scraping. In the last stage, the rear part of the granular flow is deposited in the formed pit due to resistance.
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Ziyu Song,Meng Jin,Shenglong Wang,Yanzuo Wu,Qi Huang,Wangda Xu,Yongsheng Fan,Fengyuan Tian The Korean Society of Ginseng 2024 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.48 No.2
Background: Deposition of immune complexes drives podocyte injury acting in the initial phase of lupus nephritis (LN), a process mediated by B cell involvement. Accordingly, targeting B cell subsets represents a potential therapeutic approach for LN. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioavailable component of ginseng, possesses nephritis benefits in lupus-prone mice; however, the underlying mechanisms involving B cell subpopulations remain elusive. Methods: Female MRL/lpr mice were administered CK (40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 10 weeks, followed by measurements of anti-dsDNA antibodies, inflammatory chemokines, and metabolite profiles on renal samples. Podocyte function and ultrastructure were detected. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate B cell subpopulations. Metabolomics analysis was adopted. SIRT1 and AMPK expression were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Results: CK reduced proteinuria and protected podocyte ultrastructure in MRL/lpr mice by suppressing circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies and mitigating systemic inflammation. It activated B cell-specific SIRT1 and AMPK with Rhamnose accumulation, hindering the conversion of renal B cells into plasma cells. This cascade facilitated the resolution of local renal inflammation. CK facilitated the clearance of deposited immune complexes, thus reinstating podocyte morphology and mobility by normalizing the expression of nephrin and SYNPO. Conclusions: Our study reveals the synergistic interplay between SIRT1 and AMPK, orchestrating the restoration of renal B cell subsets. This process effectively mitigates immune complex deposition and preserves podocyte function. Accordingly, CK emerges as a promising therapeutic agent, potentially alleviating the hyperactivity of renal B cell subsets during LN.
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