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Ethier, Wilfred J.,Fischer, Ronald D. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1987 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.2 No.2
THE NEW PROTECTIONISM demands a new theory of protection. The traditional theory of protection is preoccupied with the consequences of a once-and-for-all change in the general level of protection in a competitive environment. More recent work focuses upon the consequences of such once-and-for-all changes in imperfectly competitive environments. Neither comes to grips with prominent features of contemporary experience. As a result a new theory is beginning to emerge. This paper discusses the distinctive properties of the new protectionism and contrasts these with the central concerns of the traditional theory of tariffs and of the newer imperfectly competitive theories. A sketch of a theory of antidumping laws provides an illustration.
The Trade-Agreement Embarrassment
Wilfred J. Ethier 대외경제정책연구원 2013 East Asian Economic Review Vol.17 No.3
The dominant academic literature about trade agreements maintains that they are only about national terms-of-trade manipulation and not at all about purely political concerns. Non-academic economists, commentators, and diplomats by contrast think that trade agreements are all about political concerns. There are two substantive and important distinctions between the two views. i Practitioners maintain that policymakers care virtually not at all about the terms of trade or about trade-tax revenue. ii Practitioners, unlike academics, maintain that trade-agreement negotiations themselves change the underlying political economy. Observation of actual trade policy measures, though not conclusive, suggests that the practitioners are right and that the academics are wrong.
Mazzucato, E.,Bell, R.E.,Ethier, S.,Hosea, J.C.,Kaye, S.M.,LeBlanc, B.P.,Lee, W.W.,Ryan, P.M.,Smith, D.R.,Wang, W.X.,Wilson, J.R.,Yuh, H. International Atomic Energy Agency 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.5
<P>Various theories and numerical simulations support the conjecture that the ubiquitous problem of anomalous electron transport in tokamaks may arise from a short-scale turbulence driven by the electron temperature gradient. To check whether this turbulence is present in plasmas of the National Spherical Torus Experiment, measurements of turbulent fluctuations were performed with coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves. Results from plasmas heated by high harmonic fast waves show the existence of density fluctuations in the range of wave numbers <I>k</I><SUB>⊥</SUB>ρ<SUB>e</SUB> = 0.1–0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length of the order of the collisionless skin depth. Experimental observations and agreement with numerical results from the linear gyro-kinetic GS2 code indicate that the observed turbulence is driven by the electron temperature gradient. These turbulent fluctuations were not observed at the location of an internal transport barrier driven by a negative magnetic shear.</P>
Self-driven current generation in turbulent fusion plasmas
Wang, W.X.,Hahm, T.S.,Startsev, E.A.,Ethier, S.,Chen, J.,Yoo, M.G.,Ma, C.H. International Atomic Energy Agency 2019 Nuclear fusion Vol.59 No.8
<P>Global gyrokinetic simulations with self-consistent coupling of neoclassical and turbulent dynamics show that turbulence can significantly affect plasma self-driven mean current generation in tokamaks. The current amplitude, profile and associated phase space structures can all be modified. Turbulence can significantly reduce the current generation in the collisionless regime, generate current profile corrugation near the rational magnetic surface and nonlocally drive current in the linearly stable region—all these are expected to have a radical impact on broad tokamak physics. Both electron parallel acceleration and residual stress from turbulence play crucial roles in turbulence-induced current generation.</P>