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Surrogate Approaches for Neutron Capture
J. E. Escher,F. S. Dietrich,N. D. Scielzo 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.23
The prospects for obtaining neutron capture cross sections indirectly from surrogate measurements are discussed. The surrogate reactions approach has been successfully employed to determine (n,f) cross sections from observed fission decays of compound nuclei created with the help of light-ion inelastic scattering or transfer reactions. The challenges encountered in applications of the method to capture reactions are considered. Case studies are presented that shed light on the accuracy to be expected from this approach, and ideas for improving the resulting cross sections are discussed.
Capture Gamma-ray Libraries for Nuclear Applications
B. W. Sleaford,N. Summers,J. Escher,R. B. Firestone,S. Basunia,A. Hurst,M. Krticka,G. Molnar,T. Belgya,Zs Revay,H. D. CHOI 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.23
The neutron capture reaction is useful in identifying and analyzing the gamma-ray spectrum from an unknown assembly as it gives unambiguous information on its composition. This can be done passively or actively where an external neutron source is used to probe an unknown assembly. There are known capture gamma-ray data gaps in the ENDF libraries used by transport codes for various nuclear applications. The Evaluated Gamma-ray Activation file (EGAF) is a new thermal neutron capture database of discrete line spectra and cross sections for over 260 isotopes that was developed as part of an IAEA Coordinated Research Project. EGAF has been used to improve the capture gamma production in ENDF libraries. For medium to heavy nuclei the quasi continuum contribution to the gamma cascades is not experimentally resolved. The continuum contains up to 90% of all the decay energy and is modeled here with the statistical nuclear structure code DICEBOX. This code also provides a consistency check of the level scheme nuclear structure evaluation. The calculated continuum is of sufficient accuracy to include in the ENDF libraries. This analysis also determines new total thermal capture cross sections and provides an improved RIPL database. For higher energy neutron capture there is less experimental data available making benchmarking of the modeling codes more difficult. We use CASINO, a version of DICEBOX that is modied for this purpose. This can be used to simulate the neutron capture at incident neutron energies up to 20 MeV to improve the gamma-ray spectrum in neutron data libraries used for transport modeling of unknown assemblies.
Kwon, Jung-Hwan,Lee, So-Young,Kang, Hyun-Joong,Mayer, Philipp,Escher, Beate I. American Chemical Society 2016 Environmental science & technology Vol.50 No.21
<P>Worldwide, regulations of chemicals require short-term toxicity data for evaluating hazards and risks of the chemicals. Current data requirements on the registration of chemicals are primarily based on tonnage and do not yet consider properties of chemicals. For example, short-term ecotoxicity data are required for chemicals with production volume greater than 1 or 10 ton/y according to REACH, without considering chemical properties. Highly hydrophobic chemicals are characterized by low water solubility and slow bioconcentration kinetics, which may hamper the interpretation of short-term toxicity experiments. In this work, internal concentrations of highly hydrophobic chemicals were predicted for standard acute ecotoxicity tests at three trophic levels, algae, invertebrate, and fish. As demonstrated by comparison with maximum aqueous concentrations at water solubility, chemicals with an octanolwater partition coefficient (Kow) greater than 106 are not expected to reach sufficiently high internal concentrations for exerting effects within the test duration of acute tests with fish and invertebrates, even though they might be intrinsically toxic. This toxicity cutoff was explained by the slow uptake, i.e., by kinetics, not by thermodynamic limitations. Predictions were confirmed by data entries of the OECDs screening information data set (SIDS) (n = 746), apart from a few exceptions concerning mainly organometallic substances and those with inconsistency between water solubility and Kow. Taking error propagation and model assumptions into account, we thus propose a revision of data requirements for highly hydrophobic chemicals with log Kow > 7.4: Short-term toxicity tests can be limited to algae that generally have the highest uptake rate constants, whereas the primary focus of the assessment should be on persistence, bioaccumulation, and long-term effects.</P>
모니크 반 디쥬 그뢰느보에르,마이클 오파트리뉘,에바 에쉐르,van Dijk-Groeneboer, Monique,Opatrny, Michal,Escher, Eva The Korean Society of Christian Religious Educatio 2021 기독교교육논총 Vol.- No.65
유럽에서 종교, 문화 언어, 그리고 역사적 배경의 다양성은 거대하다. 이차세계대전과 소비에트연합은 유럽에서 커다란 역할을 한다. 다른 대륙에서 난민의 유입은 다원주의를 증가시킨다. 종교교육은 이러한 차이의 다리 역할에 주목한다. 유럽 대륙에서 언어는 매우 다양하다. 나라와 발음, 심지어 개별 국가에서도 차이가 있다. 이것은 문화 감수성과 세대 간의 집단별 차이를 발생시킨다. 중등교육은 청소년들이 그들 사회에 대한 견고한 뿌리를 내리는 인격 형성의 중요한 역할을 한다. 중등교육에서 청소년의 핵심 가치와 문화적 기반을 검증하는 학습은 필수적이다. 종교교육의 핵심은 그러한 가치를 검토하는 것이다. 그러나 학교는 현재 점차 증가하는 학생들의 비종교성에 적응해야 하는 도전에 직면하고 있다. 종교적 가치는 이러한 상황 속에서 어떠한 역할을 하는가? 학생들은 종교 기관에 적극적으로 참여하는 것에 대해서 어떠한 느낌을 가지는가? 그리고 종교적 신념에 대한 삶의 선택에 대해서 어떠한 생각을 가지는가? 비종교적 가치가 가치 기반의 인격을 지닌 타자의 인격적 기초를 형성하는 것을 파악할 수 있는가? 비종교적 가치는 가치 기반의 인격 형성의 기초를 형성할 수 있는가? 이러한 주제에 대한 연구는 네덜란드에서 20년 이상 지속해 온 것이다. 그리고 현재 체코슬로바키아와 동독 지역으로 확산되고 있다. 이러한 주제는 세속화된 나라에서 그리고 다른 역사에서도 현저하다. 역사와 이러한 국가의 상황은 학습자들에게 중요한 가치를 보여주고 그들의 역할을 가시화한다. 비교 연구는 이러한 유럽 국가의 학습자의 가치를 검토하는 것에 보다 폭 넓은 관점을 제공한다. 이러한 지식은 종교 기반의 세계관 교육의 형성과 계획에 도움이 된다. In Europe, the diversity in religions, cultures, languages and historical backgrounds is enormous. World War II and the Soviet Regime have played a large part in this and the flow of refugees from other continents increases the pluralism. How can religious education add to bridging between differences? The language across European countries is different, literally between countries, but also figuratively speaking and even inside individual countries. These differences occur in cultural sense and across age groups as well. Secondary education has the task to form young people to become firmly rooted people who can hold their own in society. It is essential that they learn to examine their own core values and their roots. Recognising their values should be a main focus of religious education. However, schools are currently accommodating increasing numbers of non-religious pupils. What role do religious values still play in this situation? How do pupils feel about active involvement in religious institutions, and about basing life choices on religious beliefs? Can other, non-religious values be detected which could form the basis for value-oriented personal formation? Research of these subjects has been ongoing in the Netherlands for more than twenty years and is currently being expanded to the Czech Republic and(former East) Germany. These are also secularized countries but have a very different history. Does the history and context of these countries play a role, and does this show in the values that are important to pupils? A comparative pilot study is being conducted as start of this broadening perspective geared towards greater insight into the values of pupils in these three European countries. This information helps to design appropriate new forms of religious value-oriented worldview education.