Asian Multilateralism: Implications for US Policy

( Edward A Olsen ),( David Winterford ) 한국국방연구원 1994 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.6 No.1

During the Cold War security in Asia was dominated by several bilateral relationships between the United States and its Asian partners. In post-Cold War Asia there is growing interest in multilateralism for enhancing regional security. The Clinton administration refers to a "new Pacific community and has indicated interest in multilateral fora for discussing trade and security issues. However, like its predecessor, the administration has not developed a coordinated policy toward Asia. While there has been a new emphasis on trade policy, in terms of security there is greater continuity with the Bush administration, and Consequently, despite the Clinton administration`s "bott- om- u p review of US defense programs, there has been very little change in Washington`s strategic thinking concerning Asia. Instead of shaping a new US geopolitical vision for post-Cold War Asia, the administration muddles through from bilateralism toward multilateral structures. Although multilateralism may hold the promise of injecting balance and reciprocity into security relations, it confronts several major pitfalls that may undermine its prospects for success. This paper examines three of the most significant of these obstacles: the existence of multiple instances of "double containment" in America`s security policies toward Asia; the unpredictability of post-Cold War Asian regional political dynamics; and the difficulty of devising a new multilateralist surrogate for old US ideological motives in post-Cold War Asia. This paper argues that during the Cold War the United States crafted bilat- eral relations with Japan and South Korea aimed not only at containing the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea but restraining its own two treaty allies as well. That is, America`s strategy in Asia rested on two sets of "doub- le containment." In effect, US policy rested on "double containment.2" By linking two seemingly separate bilateral security arrangements embodying double-containment aspects, Washington geometrically multiplied the impact of its containment of its two allies within the larger anticommunist contain- ment approach. The paper examines the rationale, nuances, and structure of the two Northeast Asian versions of double containment. Given current reali- ties in Northeast Asia, the paper argues that double-containment2 is not only fully functional in the 1990s but it also continues to shape the security parameters of China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia and Oceania. The paper sug- gests that, as it did during the Cold War, Northeast Asian double containment continues to undermine moves toward a broader network of overall Asian collective security and may well foredoom such efforts to failure. Problems in Northeast Asia pose a second obstacle in the way of effective multilateralism. For example, if events in Korea were to take a dramatic turn for the worse or in case of temtorial conflict between Russia and Japan, it is not hard to visualize a rupture in US-Japan security ties. Such events would cause grave problems for overall Asian multilateralism since many Asian states do not share common security perceptions on these Northeast Asian issues. Most Asian states do seem to want Washington to stay engaged militarily in Asia, but Washington`s new interest in multilateralism may stem from it desire to shift burdens to regional powers, to thwart the great power aspira- tions of regional actors by harnessing them collectively in ways reminiscent of containment, and to maximize multilateral Asian strategic dependence on the United States to increase American economic leverage. Finally, in examining a third major obstacle to multilateralism, the paper argues that a sustained American commitment to multilateral security struc- tures in post-Cold War Asia requires linking these new arrangements to deeply felt American economic, political, and ideological interests. Asian governments have learned that post-Cold War America is still seeking to reshape Asian economic and political systems, and American ideological goals continue to inject tensions likely to undermine multilateral structures. Ironically, Washington may find to its dismay that part of the appeal of multi- lateralism to Asia is the prospective benefit it may offer in containing the United States. Are American policy-makers prepared to accept this restraint? The paper concludes by suggesting the choice is not between accepting or rejecting multilateralism but rather determinimg which variant of multilater- alism might be most successful. It suggests that an appropriate framework is likely to be a loosely structured Pax Condorninia, a form of multilateralism with Asian as well as American characteristics.

A development study of drain fluid gastrografin as a biomarker of anastomotic leak

David A. Clark,Edward Yeoh,Aleksandra Edmundson,Craig Harris,Andrew Stevenson,Daniel Steffens,Michael Solomon 대한대장항문학회 2022 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is the anathema of colorectal surgery. Its occurrence leads to increased morbidity and mortality and a prolonged hospital stay. Much work has gone into studying various biomarkers in drain fluid to facilitate early detection of AL. This stage 2a development study aims to assess the safety and feasibility of reliably detecting the iodine in Gastrografin (GG; Bayer Australia Ltd.) in drain fluid and stool samples by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). Methods: This is a prospective, observational, controlled, consecutive cohort study establishing the safety and feasibility of the detection of GG in surgical drain fluid and stool as a biomarker of AL when patients with a low pelvic colorectal anastomosis undergo luminal flushing of the rectal tube with GG. Results: Ten consecutive patients were allocated to the saline flush group and the following 10 to the GG flush group. Three patients in the saline flush group developed an AL. One patient in the GG flush group developed an AL. An elevation in the drain fluid GG was detected using DECT on the day of clinical deterioration. None of the patients in the control group were found to have a positive result on DECT. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the safety of a novel approach to the early detection of AL from extraperitoneal colorectal anastomoses. The technique requires validation in a larger cohort and a multicenter study is planned to investigate the efficacy of GG rectal tube flushes as an early biomarker of AL in low pelvic anastomoses.

A Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Acute Kidney Injury

Zhao, Bixiao,Lu, Qiongshi,Cheng, Yuwei,Belcher, Justin M.,Siew, Edward D.,Leaf, David E.,Body, Simon C.,Fox, Amanda A.,Waikar, Sushrut S.,Collard, Charles D. American Thoracic Society 2017 American journal of respiratory and critical care Vol.195 No.4

MULTILATERAL ARMS CONTROL REGIMES IN ASIA : PROSPECTS AND OPTIONS

Olsen,Edward A.,Winterford,David The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1994 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.18 No.1

Enrichment of molecular antenna triplets amplifies upconverting nanoparticle emission

Garfield, David J.,Borys, Nicholas J.,Hamed, Samia M.,Torquato, Nicole A.,Tajon, Cheryl A.,Tian, Bining,Shevitski, Brian,Barnard, Edward S.,Suh, Yung Doug,Aloni, Shaul,Neaton, Jeffrey B.,Chan, Emory M Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 Nature photonics Vol.12 No.7

<P>Efficient photon upconversion at low light intensities promises major advances in technologies spanning solar energy harvesting to deep-tissue biophotonics. Here, we discover the critical mechanisms that enable near-infrared dye antennas to significantly enhance performance in lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) systems, and leverage these findings to design dye-UCNP hybrids with a 33,000-fold increase in brightness and a 100-fold increase in efficiency over bare UCNPs. We show that increasing the lanthanide content in the UCNPs shifts the primary energy donor from the dye singlet to its triplet, and the resultant triplet states then mediate energy transfer into the nanocrystals. Time-gated phosphorescence, density functional theory, singlet lifetimes and triplet-quenching experiments support these findings. This interplay between the excited-state populations in organic antennas and the composition of UCNPs presents new design rules that overcome the limitations of previous upconverting materials, enabling performances now relevant for photovoltaics, biophotonics and infrared detection.</P>

Mixture copulas with discrete margins and their application to imbalanced data

Liu Yujian,Xie Dejun,Edwards David A.,Yu Siyi 한국통계학회 2023 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.52 No.4

This article introduces the approach of using Bayesian sampling to estimate the mixture copula with discrete margins, we further apply our models to solve the class imbalanced problems in data science by oversampling. The methodology makes it possible to learn and sample from the data set with the discrete and continuous features exists simultaneously. On the other hand, the discreetness of factors in a data set are not naturally considered for the classic SMOTE algorithm and classic random oversampling is simply performed by generating the already existing points, which do not give any new information to the classifiers and is easy to overfit. Copula methods enable us to generate new points with the correlation structure memorized by learning from the training set. Hence, the overfitting problems are reduced. Experiments with synthetic and real data are done in the article following the introduction of the methodology. The outcomes shows the validity of the approach when compared with the benchmark methods.

Enhancing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Efficacy by Mitigating Oxygen Shock

Mantel, Charlie R.,O'Leary, Heather A.,Chitteti, Brahmananda R.,Huang, X.,Cooper, S.,Hangoc, G.,Brustovetsky, N.,Srour, Edward F.,Lee, M.,Messina-Graham, S.,Haas, David M.,Falah, N.,Kapur, R.,Pelus, L Cell Press ; MIT Press 2015 Cell Vol.161 No.7

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in hypoxic niches within bone marrow and cord blood. Yet, essentially all HSC studies have been performed with cells isolated and processed in non-physiologic ambient air. By collecting and manipulating bone marrow and cord blood in native conditions of hypoxia, we demonstrate that brief exposure to ambient oxygen decreases recovery of long-term repopulating HSCs and increases progenitor cells, a phenomenon we term extraphysiologic oxygen shock/stress (EPHOSS). Thus, true numbers of HSCs in the bone marrow and cord blood are routinely underestimated. We linked ROS production and induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) via cyclophilin D and p53 as mechanisms of EPHOSS. The MPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A protects mouse bone marrow and human cord blood HSCs from EPHOSS during collection in air, resulting in increased recovery of transplantable HSCs. Mitigating EPHOSS during cell collection and processing by pharmacological means may be clinically advantageous for transplantation.

Orofacial Injury and the Development of Acute PTSD

Glynn, Shirley M.,Asarnow, Joan R.,Robert Asarnow,Vivek Shetty,Elliott Brown, Karin A.,Edward Black,David Forney Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 1999 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.24 No.1

To examine the development of acute post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in inner-city, minority patients seeking care for orofacial injury were evaluated. Trained interviewers collected baseline data from one-hundred seventy-two patients seeking care for orofacial injury at an urban trauma center. Follow-up assessments of PTSD (DSM-IV criteria) and perceived impact of the injury on social functioning were repeated at one month post-injury. Patients were predominantly male and largely African-American or Hispanic. At the one month follow-up visit, 52 patients (30%) endorsed symptoms resulting from the facial injury consistent with a PTSD diagnosis. Significant predictors of the development of acute PTSD included older age and perceived life threat at the time of the incident. A substantial subsample of orofacial injury patients presenting to inner-city hospitals has negative psychological outcomes at one-month post-injury. Results underscore the potential utility of screening survivors of orofacial injury at urban trauma centers for PTSD by eliciting responses to a perceived life threat questions and developing systems of care that facilitate referral to appropriate psychological treatment.

Nanoconfined heliconical structure of twist-bend nematic liquid crystal phase

You, Ra,Park, Wongi,Carlson, Eric,Ryu, Seong Ho,Shin, Min Jeong,Guzman, Edward,Ahn, Hyungju,Shin, Tae Joo,Walba, David M.,Clark, Noel A.,Yoon, Dong Ki Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2019 Liquid crystals Vol.46 No.2