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Edinger, Michael 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2008 통일학연구원 국제학술회의 : 초국가적 관점에서 본 체제전환 : 독일과 한국 Vol.2008 No.
German unification has paved the ground for an almost unique political experiment: the formation of a political elite in a post-communist society, yet within a consolidated democracy whose institutions and procedures were largely transferred to the Eastern parts of the unified country. The simultaneity of transformation (democratization and marketization) and unification structurally distinguishes the post-communist developments in East Germany from those elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe. Against this particular background the paper explores the pace, mode and consequences of elite change in unified Germany, or rather of the elite formation in the Eastern part of the country since the autumn revolution in 1989. It argues that elite circulation was both extensive and rapid and that it was spurred by the impact of the West German political parties. The availability of West German politicians led to a confined but substantial import of political elites - a phenomenon hardly visible in other post-communist countries. In an institutional setting largely developed along Western blueprints, elite integration has continued rather smoothly, despite some apparent divergence between East and West German elites. While horizontal integration has expanded, vertical integration is increasingly challenged, with fierce anti-elite rhetoric gaining ground in reaction to allegedly non-responsive and exclusive political elites. At the same time, the integration among the elites is not reflected in the public attitudes of East and West Germans. In the final section the paper, therefore, discusses the challenges to political elites in Germany some two decades after the fall of the Berlin wall. It also speculates about whether and to which extent German experiences can provide useful information or even lessons to be learned for other countries facing unification. The article is based on biographical and career data for East and West German MPs and ministers since unification. In addition, it makes use of attitudinal data from the two largest parliamentary surveys conducted in 2003 and 2007 by the Collaborative Research Centre 580.
Chen, Guohong,Bao, Wenbin,Shu, Jingting,Ji, Congliang,Wang, Minqiang,Eding, Herwin,Muchadeyi, Farai,Weigend, Steffen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.3
The genetic structure and diversity of 15 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds was investigated using 29 microsatellite markers. The total number of birds examined was 542, on average 36 birds per breed. A total of 277 alleles (mean number 9.55 alleles per locus, ranging from 2 to 25) was observed. All populations showed high levels of heterozygosity with the lowest estimate of 0.440 for the Gushi chickens, and the highest one of 0.644 observed for Wannan Three-yellow chickens. The global heterozygote deficit across all populations (FIT) amounted to 0.180 (p<0.001). About 16% of the total genetic variability originated from differences between breeds, with all loci contributing significantly to this differentiation. An unrooted consensus tree was constructed using the Neighbour-Joining method and pair-wise distances based on marker estimated kinships. Two main groups were found. The heavy-body type populations grouped together in one cluster while the light-body type populations formed the second cluster. The STRUCTURE software was used to assess genetic clustering of these chicken breeds. Similar to the phylogenetic analysis, the heavy-body type and light-body type populations separated first. Clustering analysis provided an accurate representation of the current genetic relations among the breeds. Remarkably similar breed rankings were obtained with all methods.