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Blake, Nicola J.,Blake, Donald R.,Wingenter, Oliver W.,Sive, Barkley C.,Kang, Chang Hee,Thornton, Donald C.,Bandy, Alan R.,Atlas, Elliot,Flocke, Frank,Harris, Joyce M.,Rowland, F. Sherwood 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2000 基礎科學硏究 Vol.13 No.1
Canister sampling for the determination of atmospheric mixing ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC_(S)), selected halocarbons, and methyl nitrate was conducted aboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft over the Pacific and Southern Oceans as part of the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) during November and December 1995. A latitudinal profile, flown from 76˚N to 60˚S, revealed latitudinal gradients for most trace gases NMHC and halocarbon gases with predominantly anthropogenic sources, including ethane, erhyne, and tetrachloroethene, exhibited significantly higher mixing ratios in the northern hemisphere at all altitudes. Methyl chloride exhibited its lowest mixing ratios at the highest northern hemisphere latitudes, and the distributions of methyl nitrate and methyl iodide were consistent with tropical and subtropical oceanic sources. Layers containing continental air characteristic of aged biomass burning emissions were observed above about 3km over the remote southern Pacific and near New Zealand between approximately 19˚S and 43˚S. These plumes originated from the west, possibly from fires in southern Africa. The month-Ion, intensive investigation of the clean marine southern midlatitude troposphere south of Australia revealed decreases in the mixing ratios of ethane, ethyne, propane, and tetrachloroethene, consistent with their seasonal mixing ratio cycle. By contrast, increases in the average marine boundary layer concentrations cf methyl iodide, methyl nitrate, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were observed as the season progressed to summer conditions. These increases were most appreciable i n the region south of 44˚S over Southern Ocean waters characterized as subantaretic and polar, indicating a seasonal increase in oceanic productivity for these gases.
Ki Beom Kim,Renee E. Doyle,Eustáquio A. Araújo,Rolf G. Behrents,Donald R. Oliver,Guilherme Thiesen 대한치과교정학회 2019 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.49 No.2
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term stability of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) followed by full fixed edgewise appliances. Methods: This study included 67 patients treated using Haas-type RPE and non-extraction edgewise appliance therapy at a single orthodontic practice. Serial dental casts were obtained at three different time points: pretreatment (T1), after expansion and fixed appliance therapy (T2), and at long-term recall (T3). The mean duration of the T1–T2 and T2–T3 periods was 4.8 ± 3.5 years and 11.0 ± 5.4 years, respectively. The dental casts were digitized, and the computed measurements were compared with untreated reference data. Results: The majority of treatment-related increases in the maxillary and mandibular arch measurements were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and greater than expected for the untreated controls. Although many measurements decreased postretention (T2–T3), the net gains persisted for all of the measurements evaluated. Conclusions: The use of RPE therapy followed by full fixed edgewise appliances is an effective method for increasing maxillary and mandibular arch width dimensions in growing patients.