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Song, Xiao-Yun,Zhou, Shi-Jie,Xiao, Ning,Li, Yun-Song,Zhen, De-Zhi,Su, Chong-Yu,Liu, Zhi-Dong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.8
Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in serum of patients with non- small cell lung cancer, for assessing their possible diagnostic and prognostic roles. Methods: We enrolled 48 patients newly diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and 40 healthy controls. TNF- ${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured in the serum of all the subjects with specific radioimmunoassay kits, while EGF was analyzed by sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between lung cancer patients and the control group regarding the values of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in serum. Moreover, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and VEGF levels were higher in patients with advanced stages compared to early stages. In addition, higher serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were found in smokers than in non-smokers, both in patients and controls. Conclusion: Serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were all elevated in lung cancer patients, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines could be jointly used as a screening tool. Though TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and VEGF levels were related to advanced disease, long-term survival studies of NSCLC patients should be performed to confirm whether they can act as biomarkers of advanced disease. In addition, smoking would be an important contributor to the processes of inflammation and lung cancer.
Zhen-yuan Jia,De-Ning Song,Jian-Wei Ma,Xiao-Xuan Zhao,Ning Zhang 한국정밀공학회 2018 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.19 No.2
It is crucial to control the contour error in curved contour-following tasks caused by reasons such as servo delay and external disturbance. Contour-error estimation plays as a precondition for its further control. Existing methods can hardly keep well estimation accuracy for high-speed following of free-form curves with sharp corners, especially for three-dimensional curves. Consequently, this paper presents three high-precision real-time contour-error estimation methods for spatial free-form parametric curved contour following. By generating and updating the backstepping point according to the tangential tracking error, a multiple tangential approximation method is presented first. Then, a spatial circular approximation method is given by means of approximating the actual-position nearby region of the desired contour with a spatial circle. Finally, via modification of the Newton method so as to improve its stability without sacrificing of its fast convergence property, an initial value regeneration-based Newton algorithm is proposed for contour-error estimation. All of the presented methods take both estimation precision and calculation burden into consideration, and possess their own advantages. Using these algorithms, the contour error can be rapidly estimated in vector form with a high accuracy. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and the superiority of the presented algorithms.