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In vitro and in vivo experimental models for drug screening and development for Chagas disease.
Romanha, Alvaro José,Castro, Solange Lisboa de,Soeiro, Maria de Nazaré,Correia,Lannes-Vieira, Joseli,Ribeiro, Isabela,Talvani, André,Bourdin, Bernadette,Blum, Bethania,Olivieri, Bian O Instituto 2010 Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Vol.105 No.2
<P>Chagas disease, a neglected illness, affects nearly 12-14 million people in endemic areas of Latin America. Although the occurrence of acute cases sharply has declined due to Southern Cone Initiative efforts to control vector transmission, there still remain serious challenges, including the maintenance of sustainable public policies for Chagas disease control and the urgent need for better drugs to treat chagasic patients. Since the introduction of benznidazole and nifurtimox approximately 40 years ago, many natural and synthetic compounds have been assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi, yet only a few compounds have advanced to clinical trials. This reflects, at least in part, the lack of consensus regarding appropriate in vitro and in vivo screening protocols as well as the lack of biomarkers for treating parasitaemia. The development of more effective drugs requires (i) the identification and validation of parasite targets, (ii) compounds to be screened against the targets or the whole parasite and (iii) a panel of minimum standardised procedures to advance leading compounds to clinical trials. This third aim was the topic of the workshop entitled Experimental Models in Drug Screening and Development for Chagas Disease, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the 25th and 26th of November 2008 by the Fiocruz Program for Research and Technological Development on Chagas Disease and Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. During the meeting, the minimum steps, requirements and decision gates for the determination of the efficacy of novel drugs for T. cruzi control were evaluated by interdisciplinary experts and an in vitro and in vivo flowchart was designed to serve as a general and standardised protocol for screening potential drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease.</P>
Anemone, Gloria,Climent-Pascual, Esteban,Al Taleb, Amjad,Yu, Hak Ki,Jimé,nez-Villacorta, Felix,Prieto, Carlos,Wodtke, Alec M.,De André,s, Alicia,Farí,as, Daniel Elsevier 2018 Carbon Vol.139 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is one of the best ways to scalably grow low cost, high quality graphene on metal substrates; unfortunately, it not ideal for producing graphene on dielectric substrates. Here, we demontrate production of a high quality graphene layer on Sapphire using CVD with a copper catalyst. The catalyst consists of a thin copper film grown epitaxially on <I>α</I>- <SUB> Al 2 </SUB> <SUB> O 3 </SUB> (0001). After CVD growth of Graphene, the copper can be removed by simple evaporation in the presence of a carbon source ( <SUB> C 2 </SUB> <SUB> H 4 </SUB> ). We characterized the resulting graphene layer using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical transmission and helium atom scattering (HAS). The sample exhibited a reduced Raman D peak and an excellent 2D to G ratio. AFM and HAS show large graphene domains over a macroscopic region. We measured > 86 % transparency over the visible spectrum.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Xin Xiangjun,António Luís Jesus Teixeira,Paulo P. Monteiro,José R. F. da Rocha,Paulo Sérgio de Brito André 한국전자통신연구원 2005 ETRI Journal Vol.27 No.3
The transmission performance of optical labeling based on a combined frequency shift keying/amplitude shift keying (FSK/ASK) format is studied by numerical simulation. The simulation demonstrates that the bit-error ratio (BER) characteristic of an ASK signal is limited by the extinction ratio, received optical power, and dispersion, simultaneously. However, an FSK signal is mainly limited by the extinction ratio (ER) and received optical power when the peak spectrum, which is used to detect the FSK signal, is relatively narrow.